雅思閱讀答題詳解
問句通常作為引題，是過渡性的句子。所以，在做Headings題時，如果某個段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是問句，應該忽略，不用閱讀，肯定不是主題句。圈某段話的第一句為：
Should police assume all the responsibility for ensuring a rapid response?
譯文：警察應該承擔保證快速反應的全部責任嗎?
講解：此句雖然是該段話的第一句，但因為是問句，所以不用看，肯定不是主題句，直
接看該段話的第二句即可。
2.舉例子的句子不會是主題句
英文文章講究以理服人，經常用例證法，即舉個例子來論述自己的觀點。所以，在閱讀文章中，經常有以For example開始的句子。請同學們注意，舉例子的句子是用來解釋說明觀點的，它不會是段落的主題句。所以，在做Headings題時，如果某個段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是舉例子的句子，應該忽略，不用閱讀，肯定不是主題句。
例：For example，it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of l-2 minutes after a call is received by the police.
譯文：例如，只有在警察接到電話1-2分鐘之后做出的快速反應才會提供抓住罪犯的更大可能性。
講解：這是一個以For example開始的舉例子的句子，所以不用看，肯定不是主題句。
3.正確答案應是主題句的改寫，與主題句特別一致的選項應引起懷疑。
正確答案應是主題句的改寫，所以與主題句中的某些詞特別一致的選項應不是正確答案。
例;某段話的第一句(主題句)為：
Overall，female students outnumbered male students in the survey.
有一個選項為：L.Female Students
原句的意思是：在調查中，女學生的數(shù)目超過男學生的數(shù)目。上述選項只提到了女學生，所以，它不對。應用本條規(guī)律，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它與主題句中的詞female students一模一樣，所以也應該懷疑它不是正確選項。正確選項為：Gender。Gender的意思是“性別”。在主題句中并沒有這個詞，可見正確答案應是主題句的改寫。
例：某段話的第一句(主題句)為：
While student visa holders took either 10—29 week or 40 week courses，most students on working holiday and tourist visas took courses Of less than 10 weeks，or from 10 to 19 weeks in length.
容易誤選的選項為：
H.Visas 正確選項為：B.Length of courses
4. 如果需要閱讀整個段落，應重點閱讀該段落中的重點詞句
并不是每個段落都有主題句，有10%左右的Headings是必須閱讀整段才能找出的。受英語水平的限制，如果閱讀整個段落有困難，應重點閱讀段落中的如下內容：
(1)反復出現(xiàn)的詞 (2)括號里的詞 (3)引號里的詞 (4)黑體字 (5)斜體字
題型概述
配對題的類型眾多，大致可分為關系配對和從屬配對。
關系配對題
關系配對按原文給出的某種關系將題目中的兩組信息聯(lián)系起來，包括因果關系、正反比關系。
1. 因果關系配對題
因果關系配對題是指，根據(jù)原文內容在備選項中找出題干的結果或原因。我們曾多次強調因果關系在雅思閱讀中的重要性，在回原文尋找關鍵詞語言重現(xiàn)的時候應該更加關注字里行間表示因果關系的小詞，尤其是由動詞或介詞表達的小因果關系。
解題步驟：
1.不用先把題目從頭到尾看一遍，而應該一道題一道題地做下去。
2.先找題目中的關鍵詞(信息詞)，再到原文中去找它的對應詞。
3.仔細閱讀關鍵詞所在的句子，確定正確的答案。
4.做題時，要特別注意原文中的因果關系。
1. The reduction in children’s freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local community. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets become less sociable places. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous exchanges that help to engender a feeling of community. This in itself may exacerbate fears associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available who know their neighbours’ children, and who can look out for their safety.
2. The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic in peak hour during school holidays, or the traffic jams near schools at the end of a school day, will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children’s loss of freedom.
In the paragraphs above, there are FIVE problems stated. These problems, numbered as questions 1-5, are listed below. Each of these problems has a cause, listed A-G. Find the correct cause for each of the problems and write the corresponding letter A-G, in the spaces numbered 1-5 on the answer sheet.
There are more causes than problems so you will not use all of them and you may use any cause more than once.
problems causes
1. low sense of community feeling A few adults know local children
2. streets become less sociable B fewer people use the streets
3. fewer chances for meeting friends C increased pollution
4. fears of danger for children D streets are less friendly
5. higher accident risk E less traffic in school holidays
F reduced freedom for children
G more children driven to school
反比關系配對題
正反比關系配對題，是依據(jù)原文內容判斷題干同選項之間為正比關系、反比關系或無關系。做這類題目時，除了留意語言重現(xiàn)，還要注意表示數(shù)量變化的詞匯。
Disappearing Fish
1 Sea fishing grew rapidly in the decades after the Second World War. Mechanisation increased the fishermen’s catch in traditional grounds and then carried them to distant waters for more. After the world catch had tripled to over 60 million tones in only 20 years, fishing developed more slowly in the 1970s and 1980s, like the rest of the oil-shocked world economy. In 1989, when the sea catch rose above 86 million tones, the growth stopped.
2 In 1990 and 1991, the two most recent years for which the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has figures, the world catch began to shrink. It has not been a dramatic fall--only a few percent overall. But experts at the FAO, in common with many fisheries scientists, now believe that the limit to sustainable catches of wild fish was exceeded decades earlier. In more and more waters, too few fish have been left in the sea to maintain levels needed for spawning. Thus fishermen are consuming the very resource that should yield their catch.
3 When catches of the most valuable fish in the waters of the northern hemisphere, such as turbot and halibut, started to fail, fleets began instead to chase other species that had been thrown back as "trash" only a generation before--whiting, spiny dogfish and others. They also fished distant waters and found massive catches of a few other low-value species. The FAO notes that it was these short-lived catches-___ of fish such as Alaska Pollack, Peruvian anchoveta and Japanese pilchard____that greatly increased the total world catch in the 1980s.
4 But the true, downward trend in fishing worldwide was masked because these catches were measured in tones, not dollars. Moreover, the world’s 3 million or so fishing boats cannot hope for further yields of that kind. There are no more waters and few species that have not been explored. The world’s fishermen say they operate at a loss: $22 billion in 1989, not counting capital expenditure or profit from unreported illegal catches.
5 Almost all the 200 fisheries monitored by the FAO are fully exploited. One in three is depleted or heavily overexploited, almost all in the developed countries. Governments have encouraged this excess, by subsidising fishermen, often as a form of regional aid and in response to failing catches. Although fishermen still catch relatively few of the 15,000 existing species of fish, most of the remainder are expensive to catch, taste bad, or both.
6 Overfishing is not the only threat to the world’s fisheries, although it is the most severe. Development and pollution are also reducing fish numbers. According to Paul Brouha, director of the American Fisheries Society, between 11 and 15 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia river system. Now there are only 3 million, of which 2.75 million are spawned artificially. So much of the river system has been dammed that only 250,000 salmon can find their way back to old spawning grounds. According to a recent study, three-quarters of the American catch comprises species that depend upon estuaries (often as a habitat for young fish, which can safely feed in the shallow waters).
7 But estuaries are themselves vulnerable. Almost a third of the world’s 5.5 billion people live within 60 kilometres of the sea, polluting inshore waters with effluent from industry, and farmland. Lagoons and wetlands are filled to make land; mangrove forests are cut down; fresh water is taken in large quantities upstream, affecting the salinity of estuaries and the growth of young fish.
8 For all the damage that they cause, overfishing and pollution rarely lead to extinction (though even this is possible for a few large, slow-growing and valuable species, such as the bluefin tuna). Nor, at least for many years yet, will fish be off the menu for those who have enough money. Indeed, as the price of fish climbs and biotechnology develops, the most valuable fish will increasingly be farmed. Fish farming, or aquaculture, yielded more than 12 million tones in 1990, and is growing by more than 10% a year. Fin-fish make up almost 70% of the total, shellfish a quarter, and shrimp about 6%. But intensive fish farming tends to damage coastlines. And, though the technology is developing rapidly the FAO doubts whether farmed fish will account for more than 12% of world fish consumption by the end of the century.
