判斷題(TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN),歸納題(SUMMARY),段落標(biāo)題配對(duì)題(LIST OF HEADINGS),配對(duì)題(MATCHING),選擇題(MUTILPCHIOCE),填空題(COMPLETION),簡(jiǎn)答題(SHORT ANSWER)和圖表題(TABLE)。其中前四類題型是雅思閱讀的必考題型。這四類題型對(duì)于多數(shù)考生來(lái)說(shuō)可謂是四大名“不”--讀不懂題、找不到文中出處、得不出答案、時(shí)間不夠。在時(shí)間緊迫的情況下,多數(shù)考生往往匆匆瀏覽完題干后就進(jìn)入正文閱讀了,但這會(huì)造成一個(gè)巨大隱患--由于潦草讀題導(dǎo)致把握不住原文的閱讀重心,解題時(shí)往往重復(fù)閱讀原文,大大浪費(fèi)了寶貴的時(shí)間。所以廣大考生們一定要扭轉(zhuǎn)思路--讀題比解題更重要!題干讀懂讀到位了,就是在為你的閱讀和解題節(jié)省時(shí)間、提高準(zhǔn)確率,本文為解決考生們的四大名“不”困擾給出思路。
首先要注意,LIST OF HEADINGS題型一般放在文章之前,考生們切記不要遺漏了。
⑴讀題技巧:所有heading題干本質(zhì)都是A of B的形式。A是文中對(duì)應(yīng)段落的main idea,B是文中對(duì)應(yīng)段落的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,因?yàn)椴皇撬蓄}干都是A of B的形式,所以在讀題時(shí)不要被題干的各種表述形式所迷惑,多數(shù)時(shí)候of會(huì)被置換成定語(yǔ)從句的which, that, 過(guò)去分詞involved in, 介詞about等。要將所有題干簡(jiǎn)化為A of B的形式,便于讀完原文段落后準(zhǔn)確快速地找出相應(yīng)標(biāo)題。
以劍5的General Training A中的一篇文章Lack of sleep為例,其中heading題的三道題干是:
①The different amount of sleep that people require; 人們所需睡眠時(shí)間各不相同;
②An investigation into the results of sleep deprivation; 一項(xiàng)就剝奪睡眠造成結(jié)果進(jìn)行的調(diào)查;
③The process involved during sleep. 睡眠中涉及的過(guò)程
按照我的讀題技巧和步驟,第一,先要把題干轉(zhuǎn)化成A of B的形式,分別是①A:the different amount, B:sleep that people require; ②A:an investigation, B:the results of sleep deprivation; ③A:the process, B:during sleep.
第二,讀題的同時(shí)就要預(yù)判與這個(gè)題干相對(duì)應(yīng)的原文段落會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么內(nèi)容。例如①The different amount of sleep that people require(人們所需睡眠時(shí)間各不相同)中的A是the different amount(不同睡眠量)這一集合概念,我們可以判斷原文相應(yīng)段落中一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)屬于此范圍的個(gè)體名詞,諸如數(shù)字和分類。而原文的Section A段落恰恰符合我們對(duì)這個(gè)題干做出的預(yù)判,出現(xiàn)了數(shù)字和分類:
It is estimated that the average man or woman needs between seven-and-a-half and eight hours’ sleep a night. Some can manage on a lot less……Dr Jill Wilkinson……states that healthy individuals sleeping less than five hours or even as little as two hours in every 24 hours are rare. But represent a sizeable minority.
第三,按照題干和原文段落配對(duì)原則:A是文中對(duì)應(yīng)段落的main idea,B是文中對(duì)應(yīng)段落的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,簡(jiǎn)言之--題干VS原文,以A為主線以B為參照。
例如②An investigation into the results of sleep deprivation(一項(xiàng)就剝奪睡眠造成結(jié)果進(jìn)行的調(diào)查)中的A是an investigation(一項(xiàng)調(diào)查),B是the results of sleep deprivation(剝奪睡眠的結(jié)果)。因此可以預(yù)判文中對(duì)應(yīng)段落main idea一定是與investigation相關(guān)的,這時(shí)要主動(dòng)聯(lián)想相關(guān)同義置換,如research, survey, report等;而文中對(duì)應(yīng)段落的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容一定是與sleep deprivation相關(guān)的。
原文的Section C段落首句出現(xiàn)的兩個(gè)信息點(diǎn)正好對(duì)應(yīng)這個(gè)題干中的A:an investigation和B:the results of sleep deprivation,如下:
Researchers(對(duì)應(yīng)an investigation) in San Diego deprived(對(duì)應(yīng)deprivation) a group of men of sleep between 3 am and 7 am on just one night……
⑵做題步驟:劃找關(guān)鍵詞+預(yù)判原文段落內(nèi)容。
先看heading題干劃找關(guān)鍵詞,包括名詞、動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、帶有預(yù)測(cè)性的關(guān)鍵詞;讀題的同時(shí)要預(yù)測(cè)與這個(gè)題干相對(duì)應(yīng)的原文段落會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么內(nèi)容。再去看文章。以下總結(jié)幾種解題常用技巧。
首尾句原則:官方的出題思路通常是把答案落在段落的第一句或最后一句,如果找不到答案,最好往文章第二句或第三句找,依據(jù)上述四句話基本可以把答案找到。
如果heading題干中帶有集合概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,一般來(lái)說(shuō)對(duì)應(yīng)段落就會(huì)出現(xiàn)屬于此范圍的個(gè)體名詞、分類、描述、舉例。
如果段落中是描述性文字,則heading不含有議論性文字。
如果段落中出現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣,則heading中可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示“可能性、將來(lái)”概念的詞。
相對(duì)較簡(jiǎn)單的題干成為正確答案的幾率較大。
原文對(duì)應(yīng)題干配對(duì)時(shí)可采用部分概括原則和整體把握原則,其中“部分概括”指的是題干不是對(duì)整段而是對(duì)段落中部分內(nèi)容的概括,因此要密切注意題干和原文之間的核心詞重現(xiàn);“整體把握”指的是題干是對(duì)原文段落主旨的歸納,因此閱讀時(shí)要找出原文段落的主旨句。
抓主干快速做題(部分概括)以下有一例:
通常雅思閱讀文章的主旨句符合“首末句原則”,但是如果一個(gè)段落中,段首段尾句和第二句都不能定位到Heading, 有沒(méi)有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折總結(jié)關(guān)系詞,那么只能快速通讀全文。比如:
A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company, waked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her company’s latest products. That day she was lucky a doctor was available to see her. The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have? The physician asked. He was only half joking.
在本段中,如果只讀首尾句,是不可能得出文章的概要的。其關(guān)鍵部分恰恰在于倒數(shù)第2、3、4 句。所以必須平時(shí)就練就一個(gè)基本功--抓段落主干。
⑶文章每一部分常用詞語(yǔ)歸納:
若標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn) concept,explanation,definition,background,what is …problem等詞,一般對(duì)應(yīng)文章前面部分。
若標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn) summary, conclusion, results, effect, impact, consequence …等詞,一般對(duì)應(yīng)文章后面部分。
若標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)一下詞語(yǔ),一般對(duì)應(yīng)文章中間部分
表對(duì)比比較的詞 compare,contrast,similar等;
表數(shù)據(jù)的詞 data, statistics, census, figure, number等;
表百分比的詞 rate, percentage, proportion等;
表金錢的詞 cost, expense, budget等;
表假設(shè)的詞 hypothesis,assumption 等;
抓隱含有轉(zhuǎn)折意義的小詞:關(guān)于but, however, although, even though, nevertheless / despite the fact ….As a result/as a consequence 、Sb.+ vt. (show/ suggest)…是意思較明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折,但是有些詞的轉(zhuǎn)折意味通常比較隱蔽,比如劍橋7里面:
There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes(轉(zhuǎn)折詞) that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier…
這段文字中,widespread就是一個(gè)陷阱詞,它的后面出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞refute, 但是由于refute 這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)有的考生不認(rèn)識(shí),或者因?yàn)闆](méi)有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系詞而被忽略。另外常出現(xiàn)的陷阱詞還有
assume /assumption/ a widely held view/ (在段首時(shí)要引起注意,很可能是作者要駁斥的觀點(diǎn),要看作者是否同意之前的假定) 看后面有無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)折詞
Studies of… used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence…..。A number of techniques ….since….,however, have….
It was once assumed that….
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