上義詞與下義詞在雅思閱讀中的應用

　　眾所周知，同義替換是雅思閱讀必不可少的考查方式，派生詞替換、同義詞或同義詞詞組以及反義詞的否定形式是大多數學員比較熟悉的，但上義詞替換下義詞卻是很多同學的死穴。下面我們就一起來分析一下上義詞與下義詞在雅思閱讀中的應用。

　　上義詞與下義詞是一組相對概念，范圍大的詞匯為上義詞，而其下屬的具體例子為其下義詞。比如說，學科subject和化學chemistry就是一對明顯的上義詞和下義詞。上義詞與下義詞的概念弄明白后，咱們還要熟悉雅思閱讀考查這類替換的方式，簡而言之，就是‘題上文下’，也就是說上義詞會出現在題干中替換原文中的下義詞。其實，原因很簡單，雅思閱讀的命題人是根據原文中的具體信息來命題的，用范圍較大的上義詞subject來替換原文中更為具體的chemistry就順理成章了。下面咱們就通過多組題目來見識一下上義詞與下義詞在雅思閱讀各種題型中的應用。

　　首先，我們來看一道判斷題，選自C5-P42-Q13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.本題定位原文最后一段難度不大，但很多同學把最后一段看了一遍又一遍，還是沒有結果。大家也不妨試一下。原文如下:

　　Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion - 'the material of a thousand uses,. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.

　　實際上，此題就運用了上義詞替換下義詞這一伎倆。我們可以通過colours 定位到原文這樣的信息‘ no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era’。也就是將colours替換了文中大部分學員比較熟悉browns。由于看出limit與restrict的替換難度并不大，那么此題與原文中no longer矛盾，選FALSE也就很輕松了。

　　其實，不僅僅是判斷題，在填空題中的應用也讓不少學員嘗到很多苦頭。我們再看一個例子，選自C6-P29-Q40 ...........produce is particularly expensive. 此題在原文中的定位難度也不大，很多學員都定位了如下的原文內容。

　　Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat.

　　但是，具體答案定位哪一句，很多同學犯了難，原文中根本就沒有與答案最為密切的produce。我們再仔細分析一下，原來題干中的produce (農產品)可以替換原文中meat，答案也就是imported了。在這里，我只能說不熟悉這種命題思路的烤鴨被害慘了。

　　其實，相比以上兩種題型，上義詞與下義詞在段落信息配對題的出現頻率更高。比如，C9-P93-Q18：

　　reference to a possible link between culture and a particular form of behaviour, 其中‘a particular form of behaviour’替換了原文H段的‘a struggle over toy’, 再比如C9-P43-Q5： a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others，其中‘medical conditions’替換了原文D段的 ‘hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD)’。

　　我們發(fā)現，題干中的名詞可能會作為上義詞來考查，回原文定位時需要留意該詞的具體化概念，并謹記‘題上文下’的替換原則。

　　最后，希望大家能夠將我分享的這個解題方法運用到平時的解題練習中去，我相信，經過不斷練習，你很快就會在征服雅思閱讀的道路上多了一項新技能。