外國人最想和你聊的時事話題：新貿(mào)易保護主義
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What is new trade protectionism 什么是新貿(mào)易保護主義
Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies.This policy contrasts with free trade, where government barriers to trade and movement of capital are kept to a minimum. In recent years, it has become closely aligned with anti-globalization. The term is mostly used in the context of economics, where protectionism refers to policies or doctrines which protect businesses and workers within a country by restricting or regulating trade with foreign nations.
Since the end of World War II, it has been the stated policy of most First World countries to eliminate protectionism through free trade policies enforced by international treaties and organizations such as the World Trade Organization. Certain policies of First World governments have been criticized as protectionist, however, such as the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union and proposed "Buy American"provisions in economic recovery packages in the United States.
A variety of policies have been claimed to achieve protectionist goals. These include:
Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as "hurting"local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as "helping" local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented.
Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effect of an import quota is similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff.
Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e.g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to introduce barriers to imports.
Anti-dumping legislation Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent "dumping" of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters.
Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against foreign imports. These subsidies are purported to"protect" local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets.
Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies are the opposite of export tariffs; exporters are paid a percentage of the value of their exports. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies.
Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports.
International patent systems: There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against another and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confers "good citizenship" status despite de facto protectionism. Peter Drahos explains that "States realized that patent systems could be used to cloak protectionist strategies. There were also reputational advantages for states to be seen to be sticking to intellectual property systems. One could attend the various revisions of the Paris and Berne conventions, participate in the cosmopolitan moral dialogue about the need to protect the fruits of authorial labor and inventive genius...knowing all the while that one's domestic intellectual property system was a handy protectionist weapon."
The current round of trade talks by the World Trade Organization is the Doha Development Round and the last session of talks in Geneva, Switzerland led to an impasse. The leaders' statement in the G20 meeting in London in early 2009 included a promise to continue the Doha Round.
Protectionism after the 2008 financial crisis.
Heads of the G20 at their recent London summit pledged to abstain from imposing any trade protectionist measures. Although they were reiterating what they had already committed to, last November in Washington, 17 of these 20 countries were reported by the World Bank as having imposed trade restrictive measures since then. In its report, the World Bank says most of the world's major economies are resorting to protectionist measures as the global economic slowdown begins to bite. Economists who have examined the impact of new trade-restrictive measures using detailed bilaterally monthly trade statistics estimated that new measures taken through late 2009 were distorting global merchandise trade by 1/4 to 1/2 percent (about $50 billion a year).
新貿(mào)易保護主義(New Trade Protectionism)又被稱為"超貿(mào)易保護主義"或"新重商主義"(new mercantilism)，是20世紀80年代初才興起的，以綠色壁壘(green barrier)、技術(shù)壁壘(technical barrier)、反傾銷(anti-dumping)和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)(intellectual property right)保護等非關(guān)稅壁壘(non-tariff barrier)措施為主要表現(xiàn)形式。新貿(mào)易保護主義的主要目的是適應(yīng)本國政治、經(jīng)濟需要，維護在國際競爭中的支配地位。其理論依據(jù)(theory evidence)、政策手段、目標對象和實施效果都與傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易保護主義有著顯著的區(qū)別。
New trade protectionism is gaining ground, resulting in heightened trade frictions.
新貿(mào)易保護主義有所抬頭，貿(mào)易摩擦加劇。
Various forms of new trade protectionism are rising.
形形色色的新貿(mào)易保護主義有所抬頭。
The present international situation is complex, the expansion of the world economy and trade is still slow, competition in the international market is becoming fiercer, and trade protectionism is increasing.
當前國際形勢錯綜復雜，全球經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易增長仍然緩慢，國際市場競爭更加激烈，貿(mào)易保護主義加劇。
Media here say that China is under no illusions that trade protectionism would fade into new multilateral trade regime in place.
此間輿論界認為，中國對貿(mào)易保護主義會隨著新的多邊貿(mào)易體系的出現(xiàn)而消失這一點不會抱任何幻想。
New trade protectionism seriously hinders the global economic development.
新貿(mào)易保護主義嚴重阻礙了世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。
The ascent of powers in the past usually took place on a double policy of requesting for open trade on other nations while enforcing trade protectionism for themselves. Those powers closed their own doors tightly when forcing open the doors of others with force.
歷史上一個大國的興起通常實行的是對外的貿(mào)易開放主義與對內(nèi)的貿(mào)易保護主義的雙重政策，在武力打開別國大門的同時，把自己的國門關(guān)得緊緊的。
There is increasing new trade protectionism sentiment against China. Textile will face a difficult road ahead.
針對我國的貿(mào)易保護升溫，紡織業(yè)外貿(mào)環(huán)境不容樂觀。
A new wave of trade protectionism begins in America for various reasons mainly based on Article 201 of Internal Trade Act.
美國以國內(nèi)貿(mào)易法"201條款"為依據(jù)，掀起了新一輪貿(mào)易保護主義浪潮。
New trade protectionism is the measure of developed countries represented by United States to prevent the economic development of developing countries.
新貿(mào)易保護主義是以美國為代表的發(fā)達國家用來抑制發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的手段。
There are endless of argument between free trade and protectionism.
自由貿(mào)易和保護主義之爭論不斷。
Industries facing strong competition from abroad always appeals for a higher degree of protectionism in trade policy.
當某些工業(yè)遇到來自國外的激烈競爭時，往往要求政府加強貿(mào)易政策中的保護主義程度。
Being affected by new trade protectionism, the export of many products in our country is restricted.
受到新貿(mào)易保護主義的影響，我國很多產(chǎn)品的出口都受到了限制。
The new features of trade protectionism in the United States, namely the growing concentration of its benefits, its serious harm to domestic economy, and its flagrant defiance of international trade rules and trading partners, are clearly demonstrated by the analysis of the Byrd Amendment.
該法案反映出美國貿(mào)易保護主義的受益范圍日益集中、對國民經(jīng)濟損害加劇以及對國際貿(mào)易規(guī)則和貿(mào)易伙伴日益敵對等新的特點。
Trade Protectionism in the New Century is the latest developmental phrase of the New Trade Protectionism.
新世紀貿(mào)易保護主義是新貿(mào)易保護主義發(fā)展的最新階段。
Tom: Good morning, Jerry.
湯姆：早上好，杰瑞。
Jerry: Morning, you are reading newspaper. Is there any news?
杰瑞：早上好，你在看報紙？有什么新聞嗎？
Tom: China's export of steel has recently suffered the anti-dumping charges by U.S.
湯姆：最近一段時間我國出口的鋼鐵又遭到了美國的反傾銷指控。
Jerry: The developed countries represented by U.S. always prevent the foreign commodity from import by this way.
杰瑞：美國等發(fā)達國家經(jīng)常采用這種方式來禁止國外商品的進口。
Tom: It was the tariff barrier that was frequently used by developed countries in 1980s and 1990s. However, since the world trade organization required decreasing the import tariff, they were searching for new trade protection measures.
湯姆：上個世紀八九十年代，發(fā)達國家最常用的貿(mào)易保護措施是關(guān)稅壁壘。但是自從世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定降低商品進口關(guān)稅以來，他們就不斷尋求新的貿(mào)易保護措施。
Jerry: What are the contents of new measurements?
杰瑞：這些新貿(mào)易保護措施包括哪些內(nèi)容呢？
Tom: It mainly includes green trade barrier, technical barrier, blue trade barrier, anti-dumping, countervailing and other non-tariff barriers.
湯姆：主要包括綠色貿(mào)易壁壘，技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘，藍色貿(mào)易壁壘，反傾銷，反補貼以及其他非關(guān)稅壁壘。
Jerry: What is blue trade barrier?
杰瑞：什么是藍色貿(mào)易壁壘？
Tom: It refers to the trade protection measure that takes working environment and labor's right of survival as excuse.
湯姆：藍色貿(mào)易壁壘是指以勞動者勞動環(huán)境和生存權(quán)利為借口采取的貿(mào)易保護措施。
Jerry: Are the products generated by sweat factory the ones to be forbidden by blue trade barrier?
杰瑞：血汗工廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品就是藍色貿(mào)易壁壘禁止的對象吧？
Tom: Yes, the sweat factory infringes the labors' right, which is the common phenomenon in the developing countries.
湯姆：是的，血汗工廠侵害了勞動者的利益，是發(fā)展中國家普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。
Jerry: It offers a rational excuse for developed countries to execute trade restriction.
杰瑞：這就為發(fā)達國家進行貿(mào)易限制提供了合理的借口。
Tom: After the explosion of financial crisis, the economy of developed countries has been severely attacked. In order to effectively protect their domestic enterprises and promote its economic development, the new trade protectionism is rising.
湯姆：金融危機爆發(fā)以后，發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)濟受到了嚴重的沖擊。為了有效地保護本國的企業(yè)，促進經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，這些國家的新貿(mào)易保護主義有了抬頭的趨勢。
Jerry: Well, how to avoid the effect of new trade protectionism?
杰瑞：那么如何避免新貿(mào)易保護主義的影響呢？
Tom: First, we should reform the industrial structure and replace the labor-intensive enterprises by capital-intensive or technologyintensive enterprises. Second, increase workers' salary and welfare, eliminate the sweating factories. Third, make full use of the functions of international economic organizations to create an adequate economic development environment for all countries.
湯姆：首先要進行產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的改革，以資本密集型企業(yè)和技術(shù)密集型企業(yè)代替勞動密集型企業(yè)。第二，提高勞動者的工資和福利待遇，逐漸消滅血汗工廠。第三，充分利用國際經(jīng)濟組織的職能和作用，為世界各國創(chuàng)造出良好的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展環(huán)境。
Jerry: It seems that increasing the international competitiveness is the most significant way to avoid the effect of trade protectionism.
杰瑞：看來最重要的還是提高自身的國際競爭力以避免貿(mào)易保護主義的影響。
Tom: You're right.
湯姆：你說得對。
Part 3 Something about Work 工作那點事
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