SAT閱讀模擬題：privatization

　　While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely

　　government-controlled economy into a free one, the

　　experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly

　　shows one approach that works: privatization, in which

　　(5) state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By

　　1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned

　　industries were running at about t3 billion a year. By

　　selling many of these industries, the government has

　　decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over t34

　　(10) billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from

　　the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically

　　improved overall economy, the government has been able

　　to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a

　　two-year period.

　　(15) In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual

　　industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but

　　has also raised the level of performance in every area. At

　　British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity

　　per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated

　　(20) British Ports, labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and

　　early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British

　　Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always

　　was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.

　　Part of this improved productivity has come about

　　(25) because the employees of privatized industries were given

　　the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They

　　responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British

　　Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force bought

　　shares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; and

　　(30) British Telecom, 92 percent. When people have a personal

　　stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work

　　to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium,

　　the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their

　　company’s profits that during wage negotiations they

　　(35) actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.

　　Some economists have suggested that giving away free

　　shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privati-

　　zation process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that

　　“what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” In

　　(40) order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership

　　to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries,

　　employees and other individuals must make their own

　　decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own

　　resources to the choice.

　　1. According to the passage, all of the following were benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT:

　　(A) Privatized industries paid taxes to the government.

　　(B) The government gained revenue from selling stateowned industries.

　　(C) The government repaid some of its national debt.

　　(D) Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased.

　　(E) Total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries decreased.

　　2. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity in companies that have been privatized?

　　(A) A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.

　　(B) Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.

　　(C) The government ceased to regulate major industries.

　　(D) Unions conducted wage negotiations for employees.

　　(E) Employee-owners agreed to have their wages lowered.

　　3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to be

　　(A) an inevitable problem in a weak national economy

　　(B) a positive sign of employee concern about a company

　　(C) a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them

　　(D) a phenomenon found more often in state-owned industries than in private companies

　　(E) a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry

　　4. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares in their own companies?

　　(A) At three different companies, approximately nine out of ten of the workers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.

　　(B) Approximately 90% of the ellgible workers at three different companies chose o buy shares in their companies.

　　(C) The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.

　　(D) Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares.

　　(E) Eligibility to buy shares was contingent on employees’ agreeing to increased

　　work loads.

　　5. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in lines 30-32?

　　(A) A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.

　　(B) The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.

　　(C) The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state-owned industries perform poorly.

　　(D) Governments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system.

　　(E) The individual shareholder will reap only a minute share of the gains from whatever sacrifices he or she makes to achieve these gains.

　　6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom?

　　(A) It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.

　　(B) It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Palne’s prescription for

　　business ownership.

　　(C) It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.

　　(D) It has been successful, even though privatization has failed in other countries.

　　(E) It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.

　　7. The quotation in line 39 is most probably used to

　　(A) counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect

　　(B) state a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence

　　(C) show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments

　　(D) point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint

　　(E) present a historical maxim to challenge the principle introduced in the third paragraph

　　Correct Answers：DAEBCEA

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