19.4 概說
倒裝(inversion)是一種語法手段,用以表示一定句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要和強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分的需要。英語的最基本的結(jié)構(gòu)是主、謂結(jié)構(gòu),倒裝就是將這種比較固定的詞序加以顛倒。
倒裝有兩種。將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來,叫做完全倒裝(complete inversion)。如:
(1)How goes the time? 幾點(diǎn)鐘了?
(2)Then began a bitter war between the two countries. 于是兩國之間開始了惡戰(zhàn)。
只將助動詞(包括情態(tài)動詞)移至主語之前,叫做部分倒裝(partial inversion)。如:
(3)At no time was the entrance left unguarded. 入口無時(shí)無人把守。
(4)Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我們難得像在這里這么舒服。
19.5 句子結(jié)構(gòu)需要的倒裝
為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行倒裝的情況有下列幾種。
1)疑問句。如:
(1)Are you from here? 你是本地人嗎?(一般疑問句)
(2)Who was that? 那人是誰?(特殊疑問句)
2)祝愿句。如:
(3)Long live peace! 和平萬歲!
(4)May you succeed! 祝你成功!
(5)So be it. 就這樣吧。
3)某些感嘆句。如:
(6)There goes the bell. 打鈴了。
(7)Here comes the bus! 公共汽車來了!
(8)Judith, Judith, how lovely are you! 朱迪思啊,朱迪思,你多么可愛!
[注]由副詞there和here引導(dǎo)的倒裝感嘆句不可用人稱代詞,如不可說Here comes he而須說Here he comes。
4)there be結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(9)There is a man at the door wants to see you. 門口有一個(gè)人要見你。
(10)There lived an old peasant in that house. 有一位老農(nóng)住在那棟房子里。
(11)There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter. 在這個(gè)問題上似乎有些誤會。
5)其直接引語位于句首的陳述句。如:
(12)“It’s too late.” said Milian. “天太晚了。”米利安說。
(13)“This is the house where Shakespeare was born.” said George“這就是莎士比亞誕生的那座房子。”喬治說。
6)地點(diǎn)狀語位于句首、主語為名詞而謂語為不及物動詞的陳述句。如:
(14)From the window came sound of music. 從窗戶里傳來了音樂聲。
7)某些條件從句。如:
(15)Had I the time, I would go. 如有時(shí)間我就去。
(16)We’ll join them for dinner should they ask. 他們?nèi)缪埖脑?,我們就會和他們一起進(jìn)餐。
(17)Were you in my position, you would do the same. 你如處在我的地位,也會這樣做的。
(18)She’ll be sixteen come May. 到5月她就16歲了。
(19)All right, if stay you must, go and sit down properly over there. 好吧,如你必須留下,那你就在那里坐好。
8)某些讓步從句。如:
(20)Look as I would up and down, I could see no human being. 我盡管望上望下,還是看不到一個(gè)人。
(21)Toil as he would, he might fail, and go down and be destroyed! 他盡管苦干,還是可能失敗,沉淪而被毀滅!
(22)Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support. 你即使改變主意,也不會再得到援助。
9)代詞so,neither,nor等副詞置于句首時(shí),全句常需倒裝。如:
(23)If you can do it, so can I. 你如能做,我也能做。
(24)If you don’t go, neither shall I. 你不去,我也不去。
(25)I don’t know, nor do I care. 我不知道,我也不知道。
10)never,seldom,little,nor,hardly,scarcely,no sooner,not only等表否定的副詞或連詞位于句首時(shí),全句需要倒裝。如:
(26)Never in my life have I seen such a thing. 我一生中從未見過這樣的事。
(27)Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我們很少像在這里住得舒適。
(28)No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill. 他還沒來就病了。
(29)Scarcely had he arrived when they asked him to leave again. 他一剛到來,他們就又請他離去。
(30)Not only did he hear it, but saw it as well. 他不但聽見,而且也看見了。
11)only位于句首并后跟狀語時(shí),全句需要倒裝。如:
(31)Only than did he understand it. 只有那時(shí),他才明白。
由only引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時(shí),主語亦應(yīng)倒裝。如:
(32)Only when she came home did he learn the news. 只有當(dāng)他回家時(shí)他才知道這消息。
12)主語部分較長需要后置時(shí),全句需要倒裝。如:
(33)They erect a bronze tablet on which is carved “The Yellow River Source.” 他們立了一面銅牌,上面寫著“黃河之源”(on which…是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))
(34)To this class belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished. 屬于這一類的有作者所完成的一部最驚人的著作。
(35)Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sister Flora. She looked as though she had spend a sleepless night. 我妹妹弗洛拉伏案沉思,好像一夜未睡似的。(后一句意義上相等于從句)
13)為了上下文的銜接,全句需要倒裝。如:
(36)“Now, I have no opinion of that policy.” “我可對這項(xiàng)政策沒有好感。”
(37)“I sure have,” came a sarcastic gravelly growl from the admiral. “我當(dāng)然有啰,”這是發(fā)自海軍將軍的譏諷而粗啞的咆哮聲。(用came…admiral倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是為了和上下文相銜接)
(38)The girl who loves him so deeply finds herself unable to forgive his mistake. Around this point develops the sketch, which is humourous and full of a strong local flavour. 那個(gè)鐘愛他的姑娘覺得她不能饒恕他的錯(cuò)誤。圍繞這一點(diǎn)就寫成了這一短劇,它不但幽默,而且充滿了濃郁的地方風(fēng)味。(第二句倒裝。顯然由于句首around this point與上文銜接的緣故)
19.6 強(qiáng)調(diào)需要的倒裝
這是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分而進(jìn)行的倒裝。這種倒裝大致有下列幾種。
1)謂語置于句首。
a)謂語動詞置于句首。如:
(1)I’m going back to Washington fight for it, believe you me. 我要回到華盛頓為此而斗爭,你相信我吧。(強(qiáng)調(diào)believe)
(2)At last he finds himself in a garden, full of beautiful flowers of strange forms, and watered by streams of crystal in which are swimming marvelous fish with scales of rubies and gold. 他終于發(fā)現(xiàn)來到了一個(gè)花園,這里到處是奇異的花卉,還有那清澈的溪水,里面游著珍貴的具有紅玉般和金黃色的魚鱗的魚。(這里將謂語are swimming前置也是由于主語較長之故)
有時(shí)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為主要?jiǎng)釉~+主語+助動詞。如:
(3)Go I can’t. 我不能去。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~go)
(4)Yield he would not. 屈服他是不干的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~yield)
有時(shí)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為主要?jiǎng)釉~+賓語+主語+助動詞,其主要?jiǎng)釉~往往是重復(fù)前文中的動詞。如:
(5)They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will. 他們保證完成這項(xiàng)工作,而且他們一定會完成的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~finish)
(6)Save him she could not, but she avenged him in the most terrible fashion afterwards. 她不能救他,但后來她以最可怕的方式為他報(bào)了仇。(此句中的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~save,其上下文雖無save一詞,但有與其類似的動詞)
有時(shí)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為助動詞+主語+(主要?jiǎng)釉~)。如:
(7)John was taken completely by surprise by the news, as was Susan. 這消息完全出乎約翰的意料,也完全出乎蘇珊的意料。(as后的助動詞was置于主語之前,是為強(qiáng)調(diào)主語;省去了主要?jiǎng)釉~)
(8)They looked upon him as a trusted friend, as did many others he had deceived. 他們和他所欺騙的許多人一樣,也把他看作可以信賴的朋友。(替代詞did置于主語之前以強(qiáng)調(diào)主語,省去了主要?jiǎng)釉~)
b)過去分詞置于句首。如:
(9)Also discussed was a revenue-raising proposal to hike the sales tax… 也討論了增加銷售稅的提高稅收建議….(這里倒裝是由于主語較長)
(10)Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing. 據(jù)說也考慮在北京上演。(這里過去分詞與also連用,全句強(qiáng)調(diào)主語performance,倒裝亦與上下文銜接有關(guān))
c)現(xiàn)在分詞+be+主語。如:
(11)Covering much of the earth’s surface is a blanket of water. 地球表面上許多地方都布滿了水。
(12)Facing the lake was a little inn with its pillared veranda. 湖的對面是一個(gè)有柱廊的小旅店。
這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)多半已變成詞序固定的句型。在新聞文體中,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞亦可進(jìn)行倒裝。如:
(13)Throwing the hammer is champion William Anderson, who is a hard-working shepherd in Highlands of Scotland. 正在擲鏈球的是冠軍威廉•安德森,他是蘇格蘭高地上的一位勤勞的牧民。(這里自然是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞throwing,但倒裝亦與主語較長有關(guān))
)引述動詞+主語+直接引語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常用于新聞體。如:
(14)Declared prosecutor Roy Amlot: “It was one of the most callous acts of all time.” 檢察官羅伊•阿默朗特宣稱:“這是最最淡漠無情的行為之一。”
(15)Said he: “We confront great evils and we need great solutions.” 他說道:“我們面對著重大的邪惡,我們需要重大的決策。”
2)表語置于句首。如:
a)形容詞+連系動詞+主語。如:
(16)Present at the meeting were Professor Smith, Professor Brown, Sir Hugh and many other celebrities. 到會的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及許多其他知名人士。(這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型)
(17)Far be it from me to condemn him in any way. 我決不會以任何方式遣責(zé)他。(這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)亦已成定型)
b)過去分詞+連系動詞+主語。如:
(18)Gone at the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. 他們能夠?qū)χ袊嗣駷樗麨榈娜兆右蝗ゲ粡?fù)返了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)過去分詞gone,同時(shí)也是由于主語較長)
c)介詞短語+be+主語。如:
(19)Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles, turkeys and toys. 貨品中有圣誕樹、花卉、蠟燭、火雞和玩具。(這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型)
(20)Amid the gaseous pollutants they inhale are carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric acid, ammonia and hydrocarbons. 在他們所呼吸的污染氣體中有一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、鹽酸、氨和碳?xì)浠衔铩?此種倒裝亦已定型)
d)不定式+be+主語。如:
(21)First to unfold were the two 14-foot-wide drogue chutes, which oriented the craft and continued slowing it. 首先要打開的是那兩個(gè)14英尺寬的拖靶斜槽,這兩個(gè)東西使飛機(jī)定向,并繼續(xù)使之減速。
3)賓語置于句首。如:
(22)“Yes,” said the youth shortly. “是的,”那個(gè)小伙子簡短地說道。
(23)Someone once said Australia is a country born to alcoholism,. A man would pay $ 5 to get drunk and $ 8 to get home, goes the jest. 有人說過,澳大利亞是一生性嗜酒的國家。有一個(gè)笑話說,那里的人會花5元錢喝醉后,再花8元錢回家。
4)狀語置于句首。
a)某些副詞+倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(24)Just then along came Tom. 就在這時(shí),湯姆來了。
(25)Just then in walked labella with a radiant face. 正值此時(shí)刻,伊莎貝拉容光煥發(fā)地走了進(jìn)來。
[注]短語動詞的小品詞一般不可前置,如不可說Up cracked the soldier。又,上述例句中如用人稱代詞則不可倒裝,如必須說In she walked。
(26)Then did I throw myself in to a chair, exhausted. 這時(shí)我累得一下就坐在椅子上了。
(27)Only in this way can we learn English. 只有這樣才能學(xué)會英語。
[注]副詞only后接非狀語時(shí)則不可倒裝。
(28)So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day. 皓月當(dāng)空,花朵就像白天那樣鮮艷。
(29)Crack goes the whip. 啪的一聲鞭子響了。
b)介詞短語+倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(30)By his side sat his faithful dog. 在他的旁邊蹲著他的忠實(shí)的狗。(介詞短語表地點(diǎn))
(31)Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill. 我在童年時(shí)期曾多次爬過那座山。(介詞短語表時(shí)間)
(32)Up the valleys, down the valleys go they, saying, “Here is a place to build a breast-work; here can you pitch a fort…” 他們沿著山谷走上走下,說著“這里是筑胸墻的地方,這里可以修一堡壘…”(介詞短語表方向)
(33)With it was mingled far-away cheering. 遠(yuǎn)處的歡呼聲與此吞融在一起。(介詞短語表伴隨)
c)表示否定的詞語+倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(34)Not once did he talk to me. 他一次也沒有和我談過。
(35)Never did he speak about his own merits. 他從不講他自己的功績。
(36)Seldom has a devoted teacher been so splendidly rewarded. 一位忠誠的教師很少受到如此好的報(bào)答。
(37)Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他一到家,她就抱怨起來。
(38)Little did I think that we were talking together for the last time. 我沒有想到我們這次談話竟成訣別。
(39)No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到家就又走了。
(40)Not only did they present a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments. 他們不但做了音樂表演,而且簡短地介紹了西方銅管樂器的歷史。
[注]但不是所有以not開頭的句子都必須倒裝,如下面的句子即可不倒裝:
?、貼ot a soul was to be seen. 一個(gè)人也看不見。
?、贜ot that I know of. 就我所知不是這樣。
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