英文語(yǔ)法雜談：虛擬語(yǔ)氣 （五）

　　八、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句(Protasis)中的用法：

　　條件從句有兩類(lèi)：(1)真實(shí)條件句;(2)虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)情況有可能發(fā)生的，就是“真實(shí)條件句”。如：

　　1. If time permits, we'll go fishing together.

　　(如果有時(shí)間的話(huà)，我們就一起去釣魚(yú)。)

　　如果假設(shè)的情況與事實(shí)相反，則為“虛擬條件句”。如：

　　1. If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.

　　(如果昨天下雨的話(huà)，我們就會(huì)留在家里。)

　　這回我們要談的就是關(guān)于“虛擬條件句”的一些句型。

　　* 這種句子一般由"從句"(Subordinate Clause)和“主句”(Main Clause)組成。如上例：

　　If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.

　　"If it had rained yesterday" 就是“從句”;"we would have stayed at home" 則為“主句”。

　　* 無(wú)論從句或主句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。它們所用的動(dòng)詞有三種時(shí)態(tài)(Tenses)，就是：現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)、將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。

　　8.1　與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)):

　　從句：if + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be 用 were) + ……

　　主句：主語(yǔ) + would (should, could , might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 + ……

　　1. If I were you, I would go with him.　(從句If I were you, 主句I would go with him.)

　　2.　If I were you, I should buy it.　(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞were，主句用動(dòng)詞原形buy)

　　3.　If I had time, I would study French. (如果有時(shí)間，我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法文。)(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞had，主句用動(dòng)詞原形study)

　　4. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕? (從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞knew, 主句用動(dòng)詞原形ask)

　　注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，主句要用："主語(yǔ) + would be + 進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 + ……"

　　5. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞were, 主句用would be speaking)

　　8.2　與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(假設(shè)從句的事實(shí)為過(guò)去的事)：

　　從句：If + 主語(yǔ) + had +過(guò)去完成式動(dòng)詞 + ……

　　主句：主語(yǔ) + would (should, could, might) + have +過(guò)去完成式動(dòng)詞 +……

　　1. If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam. (從句動(dòng)詞用had studied, 主句動(dòng)詞用have passed)

　　如果你在上個(gè)學(xué)期用功一些，你就會(huì)在考試中過(guò)關(guān)了。

　　2. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had taken, 主句動(dòng)詞用have failed)

　　如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)從我的勸告的話(huà)，你就不會(huì)在考試中失敗了。

　　3. If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動(dòng)詞用had got up, 主句動(dòng)詞用have caught)

　　如果你起身得早一點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)趕得上火車(chē)了。

　　4. If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動(dòng)詞用had snowed, 主句動(dòng)詞用have skied)

　　如果下雪的話(huà)，我就可在公園里滑雪了。

　　注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，主句要用："I主語(yǔ) + would + have + 完成進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞

　　+……

　　5.　If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動(dòng)詞用had been, 主句動(dòng)詞用have been speaking)

　　8.3　與將來(lái)的事實(shí)可能相反(對(duì)將來(lái)的事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大)：

　　從句：If + 主語(yǔ) + should (或were) + 動(dòng)詞原形 +……

　　主句：主語(yǔ) + would (could, should, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 +……

　　1. If it should rain, the crops would be saved. (從句動(dòng)詞用should rain，主句動(dòng)詞用 be)

　　如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

　　2. If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動(dòng)詞用were to, 主句動(dòng)詞用tell)

　　如果明天他走的話(huà)，他可能會(huì)告訴你。

　　3.　If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動(dòng)詞用were, 主句動(dòng)詞用give)

　　如果他在這兒，我可能會(huì)把書(shū)給他。

　　注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用：“If + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞

　　+……”

　　4.　If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.

　　(從句動(dòng)詞用 were staying, 主句動(dòng)詞用let)

　　如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會(huì)讓她騎我的馬。

　　8.4 從句的 If 有時(shí)可省略，那么從句中的動(dòng)詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語(yǔ)前面：

　　1.　原句：If she were younger, she would do it.

　　去If：Were she younger, she would do it.　(把動(dòng)詞were移到主語(yǔ)she的前面)

　　2.　原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.

　　去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.　(把had移到主語(yǔ)he的前面)

　　8.5　有時(shí)虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個(gè)：

　　1. I could help you.　(只有主句)

　　2. If I had time. (只有從句)

　　3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)

　　4. If he had much more money. (只有從句)

　　8.6 有時(shí)虛擬條件句的從句和主句地動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)會(huì)不一致：

　　8.6.1 從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示將來(lái)：

　　If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

　　8.6.2　從句表示將來(lái)，主句表示過(guò)去：

　　If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.

　　8.6.3 從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示將來(lái)：

　　If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.

　　8.6.4　從句表示將來(lái)，主句表示現(xiàn)在：

　　If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

　　九、其他虛擬語(yǔ)氣在句子中的應(yīng)用：

　　9.1 用as if (或as though 好象) 的狀語(yǔ)從句，表示與事實(shí)相反：

　　1. He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well(用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè))

　　他假裝好象完全不懂那事，其實(shí)他對(duì)那事非常了解。

　　2. The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.(用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去相反的事實(shí))

　　那老人看著照片，他覺(jué)得仿佛回到20年前的時(shí)光。

　　3. They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動(dòng)詞meet，表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反)

　　他們談了又談，仿佛他們不會(huì)再相見(jiàn)的樣子。

　　9.2　用 had hoped 表示原來(lái)希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情。

　　其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)要用“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”：

　　1. I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said　she liked to stay in China.　我原本希望她到美國(guó)去念書(shū)，但她說(shuō)她喜歡留在中國(guó)。

　　9.3　用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示“要不是”、‘如果沒(méi)有”，表示條件虛擬句：

　　1.　Without air, nothing could live.

　　要是沒(méi)有空氣，什么也不能生存。

　　2.　But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.

　　要不是你的幫忙，我們是難有成就的。

　　3.　In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.

　　如果沒(méi)有水和空氣，什么也不能生存。