[初中]全新英語語法13-3 主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

語態(tài)是謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來說明主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語中的語態(tài)分主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)兩種。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者說主語是動(dòng)作的對象，即主語是謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語。如：

We clean the room every day.我們每天打掃房間。（we是clean的執(zhí)行者）

The room is cleaned every day.房間每天都打掃。（room是clean的對象）

注意： 由于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語是謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯賓語，因此只有及物動(dòng)詞才可能有被動(dòng)語態(tài)；不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

13-3 主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子可以變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的句子。在由主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的人稱和數(shù)要與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞保持一致；被動(dòng)語態(tài)要與主動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換主要有以下幾種情況。

1.“主+謂+賓”結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）把主動(dòng)句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語；

（2）把主動(dòng)句的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閎e+過去分詞形式；

（3）把主動(dòng)句的主語放到介詞by后面組成介詞短語，置于被動(dòng)句后作狀語。

Taotao broke the window yesterday.昨天濤濤打破了那扇窗子。

→The window was broken by Taotao yesterday.那扇窗子是濤濤昨天打破的。

His speech moved us deeply.他的講話使我們深受感動(dòng)。

→We were deeply moved by his speech.我們被他的講話深深感動(dòng)了。

注意：

①被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的by短語在意思明確的情況下可以省略。如：

A new law has been passed.一項(xiàng)新的法律已被通過。

Many people were killed in the war.戰(zhàn)爭中有許多人喪生。

②主動(dòng)語態(tài)如果是帶no的否定句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)常常用no，neither或never等。如：

No one has ever beaten the boy at tennis.在網(wǎng)球比賽中沒有人打敗過那個(gè)男孩。

→The boy has never been beaten at tennis.在網(wǎng)球比賽中那個(gè)男孩從未被打敗過。

③否定句中帶有any構(gòu)成的不定代詞，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，主語用由no構(gòu)成的否定代詞。如：

We didn't notice anything special in his work.我們沒有注意到他工作中特殊的地方。

→Nothing special was noticed in his work.他工作中沒什么特殊的地方被注意到。

2.“主+謂+間賓+直賓”結(jié)構(gòu)

及物動(dòng)詞buy，give，borrow，lend，send，bring，take，ask，teach，show，offer，tell，sell，pay等在句中常常帶雙賓語，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物。指人的叫間接賓語，簡稱間賓；指物的叫直接賓語，簡稱直賓。含有雙賓語的句子由主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常只將其中一個(gè)賓語作為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語。其變化規(guī)則為：

（1）將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，直接賓語保留在動(dòng)詞后不變。如：

They offered me a job in the company.他們在公司里給我提供了一份工作。

→I was offered a job in the company.

Li Hua showed me his new shoes.李華給我看他的新鞋子。

→I was shown his new shoes by Li Hua.

（2）將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞與間接賓語之間要加上介詞to或for。如：

Father gave me a nice present.爸爸給了我一件精美的禮物。

→A nice present was given to me by Father.

Mr.Lin booked me a room in the hotel.林先生在旅店給我訂了個(gè)房間。

→A room was booked for me by Mr.Lin in the hotel.

注意：

①間接賓語前加to 的動(dòng)詞有：bring，give，hand，pay，lend，offer，pass，post，send，show，take，teach，tell，throw，write等；

②間接賓語前加for的動(dòng)詞有：buy，call，cook，do，get，make，save，book（預(yù)訂）等。

③只用直接賓語作為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語的動(dòng)詞：bring，do，make，pass，sell，sing，telegraph，write等。如：

He wrote her a letter.他給她寫了一封信。

→A letter was written to her by him.

My sister made me a doll.我姐姐給我做了一個(gè)玩具。

→A doll was made for me by my sister.

④用間接賓語作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語的動(dòng)詞有：answer，refuse，save，spare等。如：

He answered me the question.他回答了我那個(gè)問題。

→I was answered the question by him.

3.“主+謂+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)

含有復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，將主動(dòng)句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語，而主動(dòng)句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不動(dòng)，成為主語補(bǔ)足語。常見動(dòng)詞有：call，make，choose，regard，name，believe，paint，think等。如：

We painted the wall white.我們把墻漆成白色。

→The wall was painted white by us.墻被我們漆成了白色。

I saw the boys playing by the river just now.我剛才還見那些男孩在河邊玩耍。

→The boys were seen playing by the river just now.剛才那些男孩還被看見在河邊玩耍。

Someone found the windows broken.有人發(fā)現(xiàn)窗子被打破了。

→The windows were found broken.窗子被發(fā)現(xiàn)打破了。

注意：

①感官動(dòng)詞see，watch，feel，hear，notice，listen to，look at等和使役動(dòng)詞have，make等后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要加上to。如：

They heard Alice sing a moment ago.他們剛才聽見了艾麗絲唱歌。

→Alice was heard to sing a moment ago.剛才聽到艾麗絲在唱歌。

They made me work without rest.他們逼我不停地干活。

→I was made to work without rest.我被迫不停地干活。

②動(dòng)詞help后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，to可省也可保留，但變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要保留to，如：

My brother helped me （to）wash my clothes.我哥哥幫我洗衣服。

→I was helped by my brother to wash my clothes.我被哥哥幫助洗衣服。

4.短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

（1）有些短語動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。這些短語動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)句中是搭配緊湊且不可分割的詞組，所以在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)不可丟掉原短語中的介詞或副詞。如：

They often laugh at the old man.他們常常嘲笑那位老人。

→The old man was often laughed at.那位老人常遭人嘲笑。

We have sent for a doctor.我們已派人去請醫(yī)生了。

→A doctor has been sent for.已派人去請醫(yī)生了。

You must hand in papers at 3 o'clock.你們必須在三點(diǎn)鐘交試卷。

→Papers must be handed in at 3 o'clock.試卷必須在三點(diǎn)鐘交。

（2）在“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，這個(gè)名詞也可以變成被動(dòng)句的主語，也就是說，這種結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的方法。如：

People paid no attention to me.人們沒有注意到我。

→No attention was paid to me.

→I was paid no attention to.

Young men must make full use of time.年輕人必須充分利用時(shí)間。

→Time must be made full use of by young men.

→Full use must be made of time by young men.

You should take good care of children.你應(yīng)當(dāng)照顧好孩子們。

→Children should be taken good care of （by you）.

→Good care should be taken of children （by you）.

注意：

此類短語動(dòng)詞主要有：make contributions to對……作出貢獻(xiàn)，make fun of 取笑，make preparations for為……做好準(zhǔn)備，make use of利用，take care of照顧，take notice of注意到，pay attention to注意，set fire to放火等。

5.祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

有時(shí)部分祈使句也可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)式。肯定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Let+賓語+be+過去分詞；否定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Don't+let+賓語+be+過去分詞（或Let+賓語+not+be+過去分詞）。如：

Open the door.打開門。

→Let the door be opened.

Let them clean the room.叫他們打掃房間。

→Let the room be cleaned.

Let us do it at once.讓我們立即開始。

→Let it be done at once.

Don't let her do such a thing.不要讓她做這種事。

→Don't let such a thing be done by her.

6.賓語從句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

主動(dòng)句是含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句，在變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，把主動(dòng)句中的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，原賓語從句不動(dòng)。如：

They believe that the meeting is a success.他們相信會議是成功的。

→It is believed that the meeting is a success.

Someone said that the story was false.據(jù)說這個(gè)故事是假的。

→It was said that the story was false.

People say that he has died.據(jù)說他死了。

→It is said that he has died.

They think that he has made great progress。他們認(rèn)為他大有進(jìn)步。

→It is thought that he has made great progress.

→He is thought to have made great progress.

注意：

①如果賓語從句是“主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句也可以變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

My sister told me that Mother scolded her yesterday.妹妹對我說昨天母親斥責(zé)她了。

I was told that my sister was scolded by Mother yesterday.

②能接這類賓語從句的動(dòng)詞有：believe，consider，expect，know，report，suppose，think等。