動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)高考考點(diǎn)及解題指導(dǎo)

一、考點(diǎn)聚焦

綜觀近年來(lái)的高考單項(xiàng)填空題,動(dòng)詞成為考查的熱點(diǎn),在15個(gè)單項(xiàng)選擇中，考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的題一般不少于2道，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)常和語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查。然而,英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)多達(dá)16種,常用的也有8種之多,且近幾年的高考在考查時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),形式靈活多樣,多體現(xiàn)在上下文語(yǔ)境中,且融多個(gè)考點(diǎn)于一題, 這樣無(wú)形中增加了試題的難度。其實(shí)，縱觀近幾年的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)題，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其命題的三個(gè)角度：一是直接給定時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，考生可直接根據(jù)所給時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作出選擇;二是給定時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但所給時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有著較強(qiáng)的干擾性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行選擇;三是題干中不提供任何時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而給出一個(gè)上下文情景或一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子，考生必須仔細(xì)分析語(yǔ)境，才能作出判斷并選擇最佳答案。

二、真題再現(xiàn)與技巧點(diǎn)播

答題時(shí)，研讀題干，搜索出盡可能多的“時(shí)間參考信息”，如：haven’t said, was doing等，這些表達(dá)中都含有時(shí)間信息，發(fā)現(xiàn)和有效利用這些信息是解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。解決時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題，要遵循如下解題思路：

① 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在什么時(shí)間?題干句中可參照的時(shí)間信息有那些?

② 這個(gè)動(dòng)作處于什么時(shí)態(tài)，是進(jìn)行中，還是已經(jīng)結(jié)束(完成)?限制或修飾這個(gè)動(dòng)作的狀語(yǔ)信息有哪些?

③ 這個(gè)動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)?

只要全面細(xì)致地考慮了這些問(wèn)題的答案，試題的正確答案也就水落石出了。具體技巧如下：

(一)根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞選擇時(shí)態(tài)

1.---The window is dirty.

--- I know. It ________ for weeks. (04全國(guó)卷III)

A.hasn’t clean 　B.didn’t clean

C.wasn’t cleaned D.hasn’t been cleaned

答案：D 根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for weeks可知道用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示已經(jīng)有好幾周沒(méi)擦窗了。并且主語(yǔ)It (即the window)與clean 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選D

2.Scientists think that the continents always where they today. (05北京)

A.aren’t; are B.aren’t; were C.weren’t; are D.weren’t; were

答案：C 本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。由第二個(gè)空后的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)today可知第二個(gè)空應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，故淘汰B、D兩項(xiàng)，又因?yàn)榫渥觾?nèi)容是在不同時(shí)期的continents的位置進(jìn)行對(duì)比，因此，應(yīng)選擇C項(xiàng)。

3.They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. (05江蘇)

A.had been working; are still working B.had worked; were still working

C.have worked; were still working D.have worked; are still working

答案：A 此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。從before引導(dǎo)的從句中的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)可知主句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故排除C、D。now一詞提示用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示“他們一直工作了一周”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)。故答案為A。

4.The country life he was used to greatly since 1992. (05山東)

A.change B.has changed C.changing D.have changed

答案：B句中有since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這說(shuō)明主句應(yīng)為完成時(shí)，淘汰A、C。又因主語(yǔ)life為單數(shù)，淘汰D項(xiàng)，故選B。

5.With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year. (05山東)

A.is washing away B.is being washed away

C.are washing away D.are being washed away

答案：D句意為“隨著更多森林被毀，每年有許多良田被沖”。本題考查主謂一致及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題。a large quantity of /large quantities of 后既可以加不可數(shù)名詞也可以加復(fù)數(shù)名詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與quantity的數(shù)保持一致。

6.--________David and Vicky ________married?

--For about three years.(2003北京)

A.How long were;being B.How long have;got

C.How long have;been D.How long did;get

答案C 從答語(yǔ)For about three years判斷，該題問(wèn)的是動(dòng)作持續(xù)了多久，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，排除A、D選項(xiàng)。get married強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)婚這一動(dòng)作，不能延續(xù)，排除B。be married表示已婚的狀態(tài)，可以延續(xù)。

[命題角度]

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)須與句中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一致。高考題常在題干中加入具體情景,以測(cè)試考生對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力。

[應(yīng)對(duì)策略]

敏銳捕捉時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞,并結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境,選擇出正確的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。

(二)根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的原則選擇時(shí)態(tài)

7.When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the mountain. (05湖北)

A.started; had already hidden B.had started; had already hidden

C.had started; was hiding D.was starting; hid

答案：A 此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。此題句意為“當(dāng)老人開始往家走時(shí)，太陽(yáng)已經(jīng)下山了”。太陽(yáng)落山的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在開始往家走之前，即從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故選A。

8.--- What would you do if it tomorrow? (05全國(guó))

--- We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .

A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.is raining

答案：B 在條件狀語(yǔ)從句(if，as long as，even if)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(when，until，before，the moment…)中往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

9.They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. (05江蘇)

A.had been working; are still working B.had worked; were still working

C.have worked; were still working D.have worked; are still working

答案：A 此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。從before引導(dǎo)的從句中的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)可知主句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故排除C、D。now一詞提示用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示“他們一直工作了一周”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)。故答案為A。

10.As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when and see him. (05北京)

A.you will come B.will you come C.you come D.do you come

答案：A本題考查賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)使用陳述語(yǔ)序，淘汰B、D 兩項(xiàng)，又因?yàn)橘e語(yǔ)從句come和see發(fā)生的時(shí)間為將來(lái)的動(dòng)作就直接選用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。只有在狀語(yǔ)從句中才可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，而賓語(yǔ)從句中不可，因此淘汰C。

[命題角度]

近年來(lái)的高考試題一般不再單純考查主從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng),而是將其放在真實(shí)的并且符合實(shí)際的語(yǔ)境中進(jìn)行考查,也會(huì)結(jié)合強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)等其它語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行考查。

[應(yīng)對(duì)策略]

在根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則解題時(shí),要把握好以下幾點(diǎn):

①在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)。

② 正確認(rèn)定主句動(dòng)詞及從句動(dòng)詞兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,并認(rèn)真體會(huì)命題者所給出的語(yǔ)境。

③ 解答賓語(yǔ)從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)題時(shí),考生應(yīng)熟知以下規(guī)則: 如果主句動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),則從句動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài); 如果主句動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),則從句動(dòng)詞須用合適的過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(表示客觀真理時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài))。

(三)根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境選擇時(shí)態(tài)

11.Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science_________ that people who don’t sleep well will soon get ill.(05廣東)

A.showed B.will show C.has shown D.is showing

答案：C用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，關(guān)鍵詞是recent。

12.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I before. (05全國(guó)卷II)

A.was having B.have C.have ever had D.had ever had

答案：C在句子的情景中,表示“從來(lái)沒(méi)有嘗過(guò)這么美味的咖啡”。故選C

13.(05全國(guó))The hero’s story differently in the newspapers.

A.was reported B.was reporting C.reports D.reported

答案：A句意為“那位英雄的故事與在報(bào)紙上報(bào)道的不一樣”。根據(jù)句意可判斷英雄的事跡被報(bào)道為過(guò)去的事，所以用過(guò)去時(shí)的某個(gè)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除C項(xiàng);B、D兩項(xiàng)為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不符合題干要求。

14.Now that she is out of job, Lucy ______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. (04北京)

A.had considered B.has been considering

C.considered D.is going to consider

答案：B 根據(jù)所提供的情景but she hasn’t decided yet 說(shuō)明了Lucy 還在考慮這件事，要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作還在繼續(xù)。

[命題角度]

近年來(lái)高考試題對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)考查的要求越來(lái)越高,大部分試題趨向情境化、實(shí)際化。

[應(yīng)對(duì)策略]

捕捉信息,理解情境,綜合運(yùn)用,靈活答題。