1.and
(1)并列連詞,接詞類、結(jié)構(gòu)完全相同的部分,意為“和,以及”。
He bought a book and a pen.他買了一本書和一支筆。(連接名詞)
He started to shout and swear.他開始又喊又罵。(連接動(dòng)詞)
Tom and Mary are singing and dancing at the party.
湯姆和瑪麗正在晚會(huì)上唱歌跳舞。(連接現(xiàn)在分詞)
We were cold and hungry.我們饑寒交迫。(連接形容詞)
I woke up and got out of bed.我醒了就起床了。(連接動(dòng)詞短語)
He played the piano and she sang.他彈鋼琴,她唱歌。(連接句子)
(2)連接三個(gè)以上并列成分時(shí),只在最后一并列成分前加and,其他的后面加逗號(hào)。
Solid,liquid and gas are the three states of matter.
固態(tài)、液態(tài)和氣態(tài)是物質(zhì)的三種狀態(tài)。
Sam enjoys tennis,golf and baseball.薩姆喜愛網(wǎng)球、高爾夫以及棒球。
(3)“動(dòng)詞+and+動(dòng)詞”,表示連續(xù)性。
He coughed and coughed.他咳個(gè)不停。
He tried and tried but without success.他試了又試,但沒有成功。
(4)“名詞+and+名詞”,表示“許多”或“有各種各樣的”
There are books and books.有各種各樣的書。
We waited for hours and hours.我們一直等了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
(5)“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”,表示“越來越……”。
It moves faster and faster.它動(dòng)得越來越快。
Your work is getting better and better.你的工作干得越來越好了。
More and more families like to keep dogs as pets.越來越多的家庭喜歡養(yǎng)寵物狗。
Fishing is becoming more and more popular.釣魚變得越來越受歡迎了。
(6)and連接并列句。
The weather was fine,and we went out for a walk.
the weather being fine,we went out for a walk.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))
天氣晴朗,我們出去散步了。
In the classroom there are five people,and the teacher is included.
in the classroom There are five people,the teacher included.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))
教室里包括老師在內(nèi)有五個(gè)人。
【比較】 他有兩個(gè)小孩,都很頑皮。
①He has two children,both of whom are naughty.(whom引導(dǎo)定語從句)
②He has two children,and both of them are naughty.(and連接的并列句)
(7)含有and的短語
and all 全都,等等 and so on 等等 and so forth 等等
and that 而且,并且 and therefore 因此,為此 and so 因此,為此
2.but
(1)并列連詞,表示轉(zhuǎn)折,意為“但是”“可是”。
It was a sunny but not very warm day.那一天天氣晴朗,卻不太暖和。
She is American but she lives in England.她是美國(guó)人,但住在英國(guó)。
【提示】 although不能和but 同時(shí)使用。
(2)用于not ...but結(jié)構(gòu),表示選擇,意為“不是……而是”。
What I want is not this one,but that one.我想要的不是這個(gè),而是那個(gè)。
Bamboo is not a tree,but a kind of grass.竹不是一種樹,而是一種草。
(3)用于“Excuse me” “I’m sorry”等句式表示語氣委婉。
Excuse me,but I don’t think that’s quite true.很抱歉,我認(rèn)為這與事實(shí)略有出入。
Sorry,but we’re behind schedule.抱歉,我們落在計(jì)劃后了。
I’m frightfully sorry,but I can’t see you today.太對(duì)不起了,我今天不能見你。
【提示】
however 副詞,“可是,然而”,也表示轉(zhuǎn)折;可置于句首,句末或句中,需要逗號(hào)隔開。
However,we need not do that now.可是,我們現(xiàn)在不需要做那個(gè)。
He said it was so;he was mistaken,however.他說是那樣的,然而他卻弄錯(cuò)了。
His friends,however,had other ideas.然而他的朋友們卻另有見解。
(4)含有but的短語
all but 幾乎 anything but 決不
but for 除非 nothing but 只是
last but not least 最后但并非不重要 can’t help but 不由得……
not that ...but that ...不是因?yàn)椤且驗(yàn)?/p>
3.for
(1)for作連詞引導(dǎo)并列句時(shí),主要表示理由,對(duì)前面的分句進(jìn)行解釋說明。
The days were short,for it was now December.天短了,現(xiàn)在已是12月了。
He must be in now,for the light in his room is on.
他現(xiàn)在一定在家,因?yàn)樗块g的燈是亮著的。
(2)不能使用for的情況。
Because it was wet he took a taxi.因?yàn)橄掠?,他叫了一輛出租車。
(because 不能用for 替換。因?yàn)閒or引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于它所解釋的動(dòng)詞之前)
He stole,not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷東西,并不是因?yàn)樗胍X,而是他有這種毛病。(because不能用for 替換。因?yàn)?for不能位于not,but或任何連詞之后)
— Why did you do it? 你為什么這么做?
— I did it because I was angry.因?yàn)槲疑鷼獠胚@么做的。(for不能回答why引導(dǎo)的問句)
4.or
(1)表示選擇,意為“或”“還是”。
Is the radio off or on? 無線電關(guān)上了還是開著的?
Would you prefer tea or coffee? 你喜歡茶還是咖啡?
You can come now or you can meet us there later.
你可以現(xiàn)在來,也可以稍晚和我們?cè)谀抢锱鲱^。
(2)用于“祈使句+or+陳述句”中,表示“否則”。
Hurry up,or you’ll be late for school.趕快,否則你上學(xué)就要遲到了。
Dress warmly,or else you’ll catch cold.穿暖和點(diǎn),否則你會(huì)感冒的。
(3)用于表示否定句中的并列成分。
He was not clever or good-looking.他不聰明,也長(zhǎng)得不好看。
He never smokes or drinks.他從不吸煙,也不喝酒。
【比較】
①They sang and danced.他們既唱歌又跳舞。(肯定句)
②They didn’t sing or dance.他們既沒有唱歌也沒有跳舞。(否定句)
(4)含有or的短語
more or less 或多或少 or more 或更多 one or two 一兩個(gè)
or rather 更確切地 or else 否則,要不然 or so 大約
5.so
(1)表示因果關(guān)系,意為“因此,所以”。
The dog was hungry,so we fed it.狗餓了,所以我們喂它。
I got ill so I went to see a doctor.我生病了,因此去看了醫(yī)生。
It was dark,so I couldn’t see what was happening.
天很黑,所以我看不見發(fā)生了什么事。
Nothing more was heard from him so we began to wonder if he was dead.
此后沒有再收到他的消息,于是我們開始懷疑他是不是死了。
(2)用于句首,引出下文。
So after shouting and screaming for an hour she walked out in tears.
就這樣,又嚷又叫了一個(gè)小時(shí),她流著淚走了出來。
So what have you been doing today? 那么你今天都干什么了?
So,that is it for today.好,今天就到這里。
(3)含有so的短語
and so on/forth 等等 so far 迄今為止 so as to 為了 so ...as to 如此……以致
so/as long as 只要 so that 以便 So what? 那又怎么樣
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