一、漢語主動語態(tài)翻譯成英語被動語態(tài)
漢語多主動語態(tài),英語多用被動語態(tài)。所以,除了譯為主動句以外,漢語的主動句在很多情況下要轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語的被動句。概括起來,主要有以下幾種情況:
(一)強調(diào)受事,突出被動狀態(tài)
1) “財神爺”這個詞,不是我的用語,是農(nóng)民的發(fā)明。(《鄧小平文選》第三卷)
That term, the “gods of wealth”, was invented not by me but by the peasants.
2) 我國各族人民每年都要熱烈慶祝十月一日的國慶節(jié)。
National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct.1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year.
3)中美已經(jīng)建立了外交關(guān)系。
Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.
(二)使句子結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱,加強上下文的連貫性
1) 他出現(xiàn)在臺上,觀眾給予熱烈鼓掌。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
2) 口試時,問了十個問題,她全都答對了。
She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly.
(三)不知道或無須說出施事者
1) 這種書是給兒童寫的。Such books are written for children.
2) 這本書已經(jīng)翻譯成中文了。
This book has already been translated into Chinese.
(四)為了使措辭得當,語氣委婉
英語常常為了表示禮貌,不說出施事者,特別是施事者為第一人稱時。因而往往使用被動語態(tài)。漢譯英時也往往將漢語的主動語態(tài)翻譯成英語的被動語態(tài),多見于講話、通知、請?zhí)取?/p>
1)請你給我們表演一個節(jié)目。
You are requested to give a performance.
2)今天晚上七點鐘開教學(xué)會,全體教師務(wù)必參加。
There will be a Teaching Symposium at 7:00 p.m. today. All the faculty is expected to attend.
(五)某些漢語句子可借助于英語的一些固定搭配或詞組來表達。
1)他堅持不懈地從事著科研工作。
He was engaged in scientific researches perseveringly.
2)有經(jīng)驗者不易上圈套。
An old bird is not to be caught with chaff.
3)他天生適合做水手。He is cut out for a sailor.
(六)漢語中某些習(xí)慣用語或泛指主語的主動句的翻譯
一般用英語形式主語格式翻譯:it + be + past-participle +that…。
1)可以有把握地說,會議會如期召開的。
It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule.
2)大家都認為這樣做不妥當。
It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.
3)有人給你打電話。You are wanted on the telephone.
4)據(jù)謠傳,那場事故是由于玩忽職守而造成的。
It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.
5)人們(有人,大家)認為…… it is considered (or thought) that…
6)普遍(一般,通常)認為……
it is generally(usually)accepted (or agreed, recognized) that…。
7)有人(人們,大家)相信……it is believed that…。
8)據(jù)說(聞、推測、估計/預(yù)計、報道) ……。
It is said(learned; supposed; estimated, predicted, calculated; reported) that…
9)必須(應(yīng)該) 承認 (指出)……
It must (should) be admitted (pointed) out that…
10)可見/可以看出(由此可見)……
It will be seen (from this) that…
11)不用說/ 誰都知道 It is understood that…
12)無/不可否認…… It cannot be denied that…
13)已經(jīng)證明…… It had been proved (or demonstrated) that…
14)可以肯定…… It may be confirmed that…
15)可以有把握地說……It may be safely said that…
16)人們有時會問…… It is sometimes asked that…
17)人們希望…… it is expected (hoped) that…
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