托福聽(tīng)力主旨題答題要點(diǎn)

新托福聽(tīng)力考試總共有六大技巧的測(cè)試與考核。與這六大技巧相對(duì)，ETS有六大題型的測(cè)試，分別是：主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題、句子功能題、態(tài)度題、結(jié)構(gòu)題和推論題。而托福官方指南將這六大考題細(xì)歸類為B, P, C三部分(Basic Comprehension Question, Pragmatic Comprehension Question, Connecting Information Question)。B部分包括：主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)題;P部分包括句子功能題和態(tài)度題;C部分又包括結(jié)構(gòu)題和推論題。

在這六大題型中，出鏡率最高、幾乎每篇文章(我們知道托福聽(tīng)力考試涉及的文章有兩種：conversation和lecture)都會(huì)涉及到的題目就是主旨題。把握好主旨題同樣又是解答其他題目的關(guān)鍵。什么是主旨題呢?ETS官方給出的解釋是：對(duì)話和講座的大概意思，即文章主要涉及的是什么內(nèi)容!關(guān)于主旨題，其實(shí)很多學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)它是所有題型中最簡(jiǎn)單的一道題目。可是往往我們?nèi)绻徽莆找欢ǖ慕忸}技巧和關(guān)鍵策略的話這道題同樣可能丟分。所以，把握好主旨題是解題的重中之重。

下面我就如何解答主旨題做一下總結(jié)與點(diǎn)評(píng)：

1、主旨題在原文和題目中的位置

首先，大家要明確托福聽(tīng)力考試的一大特色就是題目順序與文章的行文順序相一致。所以，同學(xué)們要明確的是主旨題出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭部分，絕對(duì)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的中間部分。其中需要注意的一點(diǎn)是，在結(jié)尾部分同樣可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)幫助解答主旨題的解題內(nèi)容。因?yàn)槔蠋熀芸赡軐?duì)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)。那么，結(jié)尾部分就可能出現(xiàn)主旨題的答案!但是，這種情況比較少見(jiàn)!所以按照文章的行文順序，主旨題題目一般只會(huì)出現(xiàn)于第一道題。所以通常，不管是conversation還是lecture，主旨題都會(huì)出現(xiàn)于首道題目。明確了題目的位置之后，我們來(lái)看一下主旨題的分類。

2、主旨題題型分類及典型問(wèn)法

主旨題分為目的主旨和內(nèi)容主旨。

目的主旨: 考查對(duì)話目的而非內(nèi)容，即兩個(gè)說(shuō)話者的對(duì)話目的和教授講這篇文章的目的。目的主旨一般出現(xiàn)于conversation中。

目的主旨典型問(wèn)法：Why does the student visit the professor?

Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?

Why did the professor ask to see the student?

Why does the professor explain X?

內(nèi)容主旨: 要求考生理解講座或?qū)υ挼闹髦即笠?。材料有時(shí)會(huì)明確提出主旨，有時(shí)會(huì)很含蓄。 要求學(xué)生對(duì)聽(tīng)到的信息進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。

內(nèi)容主旨典型問(wèn)法：What problem does the man have?

What are the speakers talking about?

What is the main idea of the lecture?

What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?

3、主旨題解題技巧

關(guān)于解題技巧大家應(yīng)該首先注意的是這兩種題型與大家詞匯量的多少無(wú)關(guān)。也就是說(shuō)，詞匯量即使很少也不會(huì)給這兩種題型的解題造成障礙。首先要聽(tīng)準(zhǔn)開頭;特別是開頭句型，之后找出對(duì)話目的;如果開頭沒(méi)有把握準(zhǔn)，那么要注意全文重復(fù)詞匯;最后要聽(tīng)準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞并對(duì)實(shí)義詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞)足夠敏感。那么，如何聽(tīng)準(zhǔn)開頭呢?在conversation和lecture的開頭中，有的文章會(huì)出現(xiàn)寒暄部分。

比如，在conversation中兩個(gè)說(shuō)話者的在開頭部分都會(huì)出現(xiàn)互相問(wèn)好的寒暄語(yǔ)：

e.g.1 A : Hey, how is everything going?

B: Well, everything is going fine.

e.g.2 A: Hi, are you Paula?

B: Oh, hi, Jim. Nice to see you!

在這些寒暄之后說(shuō)話人A說(shuō)Do you need some tutoring in English? 說(shuō)話人B說(shuō)：yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 這才是文章的真正內(nèi)容，也就是文章的主旨!所以選項(xiàng)的相應(yīng)部分選擇的是：She needs a tutoring appointment!

在lecture中，有時(shí)教授上來(lái)不會(huì)直接切入正題，而是先會(huì)寒暄幾句。

例1： 有個(gè)教授上來(lái)先說(shuō)I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance. 所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class.” 這句話都是在說(shuō)與文章主旨無(wú)關(guān)緊要的話。而真正與文章主旨有關(guān)的是以today開頭的這句話!所以，顯而易見(jiàn)，這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容就是Renaissance(文藝復(fù)興)。

例2： In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么很顯然，In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history.這是上節(jié)課講的內(nèi)容。在強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折but之后，老師緊接著說(shuō)I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么，文章的主旨也就很明確了。

在了解了如何在文章的開頭抓主旨以后，我們?cè)賮?lái)看一下引導(dǎo)文章主旨的信號(hào)標(biāo)志詞，以便我們更好地定位選項(xiàng)。

4、主旨題的信號(hào)標(biāo)志詞

Lecture引導(dǎo)主旨題信號(hào)標(biāo)志詞總結(jié)

1) 總結(jié)口語(yǔ)詞后的動(dòng)詞詞組：

• today we will talk about...

• today we will discuss...

• today we will look at...

• today we will tell...

2) 舊托福：

• today we will spend several minutes in...

• today we will focus on...

• today we will concentrate on...

3) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

• 've, -ed

• will, be going to

4) 介詞 ：

• about

注意點(diǎn)：在第三條中，動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞后面引導(dǎo)的都是上節(jié)課涉及到的內(nèi)容，所以即使大家聽(tīng)到了discuss這個(gè)詞也可以放棄這部分內(nèi)容。而只要聽(tīng)好并把握準(zhǔn)today后面要講的內(nèi)容即可，也就是be going to/will 后面引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容!那么，about就是一個(gè)經(jīng)常引導(dǎo)主要內(nèi)容的一個(gè)介詞。這個(gè)詞很關(guān)鍵，要求聽(tīng)準(zhǔn)其后面的賓語(yǔ)是什么!因?yàn)檫@個(gè)賓語(yǔ)就是解題的關(guān)鍵。

Conversation 引導(dǎo)主旨題信號(hào)標(biāo)志詞總結(jié)

1. wonder (e.g. I was wondering,…)

2. think (e.g. I am thinking, I was thinking,….)

3. hope (I was hoping,…)

4. need (Do you need, I need….)

5. figure out, work out, sort out,

conversation的主要內(nèi)容，一般情況下都是以上的這些詞引導(dǎo)的。常用句型已在后面括號(hào)中標(biāo)注出來(lái)。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們謹(jǐn)記在心。

5、主旨題的選項(xiàng)特征

在選擇選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，大家一定要避免選擇如下選項(xiàng)：1) 范圍小-細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)入主旨題(最常見(jiàn));2) 范圍大-沒(méi)鎖定主旨;3)不正確選項(xiàng)(即文章中根本沒(méi)有涉及到的內(nèi)容)

正確選項(xiàng)特征如下：( 以下是比較典型的主旨題的選項(xiàng)特征 )

1)長(zhǎng)的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)：(技巧：先定位比較of和that前面的詞，在原文中找同意替換。之后確定of和that后面的賓語(yǔ)是否符合原文)

a) …of….

b) …that…

e.g. Script

So, I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…actually, some, uh some ideas about how we manage our resources. Let’s talk about what that…what that means. If we take a resource like water…well,

Q: What is the talk mainly about?

A. A common method of managing water supply.

B. The formation of underground water systems.

C. Natural processes that renew water supplies.

D. Maintaining the purity of underground water system.

文章中的這句話 “I wanted to discuss a few other terms here…some ideas about”很明確的點(diǎn)出了文章的內(nèi)容主旨。根據(jù)上面的講解，我們很容易把握discuss和about這兩個(gè)詞!所以，about后面的“how we manage our resources”就是文章的主旨了!所以根據(jù)同義替換，我們可以將“how”這個(gè)詞替換為A選項(xiàng)的method而且of 后面的賓語(yǔ)(managing water supply)也同原文內(nèi)容(how we manage our resources)一致!正確答案為A.。

2). 以how, what, why開頭

e.g. Script

…so the Earth’s surface is made up of these huge segments, these tectonic plates. And these plates move, right? But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth? Again, all of you probably read this section in the book, I hope, but, uh, uh, how— how can just motion of the plates impact the climate?

Q: What is the main topic of the talk?

A. The differences in climate that occur in different countries.

B. How movement of the Earth’s plates can affect climate.

C. Why the ocean has less effect on climate than previously thought.

D. The history of the climate of the region where the college is located

這道題可以明顯根據(jù)部分文章重復(fù)找出答案!重復(fù)句式為“But how can, uh, motion of plates, do you think, influence climate on the Earth?”去掉其中的插入語(yǔ)，我們可以提煉出“how can motion of plates influence climate on the Earth”。與這句話一致的是B選項(xiàng)!其中，可以找到原文與選項(xiàng)的同義替換是motion=movement、effect= impact/ influence。從這道題目可以看出：特殊疑問(wèn)詞也是主旨題正確選項(xiàng)的一大特征!

3) To do

e.g. Script (lecture)

Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s theory is all about is this: he is trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.

Q: What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A. To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values

B. To explain Aristotle’s views about the importance of teaching

C. To explain why people change what they value

D. To discuss Aristotle’s views about human happiness

“To do”結(jié)構(gòu)在主旨題中出鏡率很高，目的主旨的選項(xiàng)大部分以to do結(jié)構(gòu)開頭。那么，解題的宗旨就是比較動(dòng)詞do的形式和用詞!如果原文中用到的動(dòng)詞與選項(xiàng)一致，同學(xué)可以首先定位此選項(xiàng)，再比較后面的賓語(yǔ)即可。 “Ok. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle– Aristotle’s ethical theory.”從原文中可以看到discuss這個(gè)詞，那么這個(gè)詞正好與D選項(xiàng)中的discuss相吻合，而其后的賓語(yǔ)“human happiness”也一致!所以答案無(wú)可厚非為D。若選項(xiàng)中 “do”的形式與原文不一致，那么我們需要做的就是同義替換。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：

e.g. Script (conversation)

• S: I was hoping you could look over my note cards for my presentation…just to see what you think of it.

• P: Okay, so refresh my memory: what’s your presentation about?

Q: Why does the student visit the professor?

A. To get some note cards for his presentation

B. To show her some examples of common errors in research

C. To review the notes for his presentation with her

D. To ask for help in finding a topic for his presentation.

在這篇文章中，引導(dǎo)conversation主旨題的標(biāo)志詞是I was hoping， 在其之后出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞關(guān)鍵詞是look over。名詞關(guān)鍵詞為：note cards for my presentation。所以，與原文一致的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該找look over的同義替換，即review!所以應(yīng)該選擇C選項(xiàng)。

以上就是主旨題需要注意的細(xì)節(jié)信息和解題技巧，希望能對(duì)大家在準(zhǔn)備托福聽(tīng)力考試的過(guò)程中起到指引作用。