托福閱讀句子插入題中重復(fù)信息的使用方法

　　熟悉托福的同學(xué)一定都知道托福閱讀有一類(lèi)句子插入題，針對(duì)這種題目，大家應(yīng)該如何攻破呢?新東方網(wǎng)托福頻道在此和大家詳解句子插入題中重復(fù)信息的使用方法。

　　█Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. █It liberated industry from dependence on running water. █The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. █The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.

　　Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　老司機(jī)們看到段首可愛(ài)的小方格心里就有數(shù)了，這是我們?cè)诿科恼碌箶?shù)第二題位置上都會(huì)遇到的句子插入題。

　　我們今天就來(lái)跟大家聊一聊，句子簡(jiǎn)化題這個(gè)題目到底應(yīng)該怎么做。

　　“You need to understand the logic of the passage as well as the grammatical connections (like pronoun references) between sentences.”

　　上面是托福官方指南中對(duì)這道題目的說(shuō)明，這句話已經(jīng)將解答句子簡(jiǎn)化題的關(guān)鍵線索呈現(xiàn)給大家了，即“grammatical connections”語(yǔ)法連接和“logic”邏輯。其中語(yǔ)法連接還給大家提供了最常見(jiàn)的一種應(yīng)用，連詞指代。既然有了方法，那我們一起來(lái)完成以下上面這道例題。

　　首先先看題干句子，然后我們就傻眼了，這題干里也沒(méi)有邏輯，也沒(méi)有指代，沒(méi)有可用的線索，我該怎么辦?此時(shí)很多同學(xué)無(wú)奈之下只能選擇回到原文，開(kāi)始逐個(gè)閱讀選項(xiàng)句子，挨個(gè)帶入，靠所謂的“語(yǔ)感”想把題目解答出來(lái)。最終往往會(huì)陷入到花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間，題目還做不對(duì)的尷尬境地中。

　　其實(shí)在句子簡(jiǎn)化題中，我們可以使用的線索，除了官方指南中給我們提供的邏輯和指代之外，還有另外一個(gè)，就是重復(fù)信息。

　　現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)重新看一下題干句子，

　　“The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories.”

　　這句話說(shuō)的是當(dāng)動(dòng)力可以來(lái)到工廠的時(shí)候，工廠就不用建在河流邊上了。主要信息有三點(diǎn)：工廠，動(dòng)力，河流。然后我們回到原文中，看看選項(xiàng)句子中哪一句和以上三個(gè)信息有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

　　A選項(xiàng)，瓦特的蒸汽機(jī)很快顯示出它能干什么。沒(méi)有信息點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)，排除。

　　B選項(xiàng)，它將工業(yè)從對(duì)流水的依賴(lài)中解放出來(lái)。這句話中對(duì)應(yīng)了我們題干句子中工廠和河流兩個(gè)信息點(diǎn)?？梢员灰暈槭俏覀兊膫溥x選項(xiàng)，繼續(xù)往下看，有沒(méi)有更好的信息對(duì)應(yīng)。

　　C選項(xiàng)，蒸汽機(jī)通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)高效的水泵，排除礦井的水，使得礦越挖越深稱(chēng)為可能。只對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)力這一點(diǎn)，排除。

　　D選項(xiàng)，煤的可獲得性刺激了WM在1790s發(fā)明了夜間照明的新方式。沒(méi)有信息對(duì)應(yīng)，排除。

　　所以選項(xiàng)中和題干句子信息關(guān)聯(lián)最緊密的應(yīng)該是B選項(xiàng)的句子。但是別著急，此時(shí)我們距離正確答案仍然還差一步判斷，題干句子到底應(yīng)該放在B選項(xiàng)句子的前面還是后面呢?這時(shí)候我們重新來(lái)看一下B選項(xiàng)句子，

　　“It liberated industry from dependence on running water.”

　　這句話主語(yǔ)是代詞it，指代的是應(yīng)當(dāng)是A選項(xiàng)中的蒸汽機(jī)，A,B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)因?yàn)榇~指代的關(guān)系，中間不能插入句子，從而排除掉B選項(xiàng)，這道題的正確答案是C。

　　這道題目是一道非常經(jīng)典的是用重復(fù)信息來(lái)確定句子關(guān)聯(lián)手段的例題，總結(jié)上面完整的做題過(guò)程，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在使用重復(fù)信息解答句子簡(jiǎn)化題的時(shí)候，我們?cè)谡业筋}干句子和選項(xiàng)句子的關(guān)聯(lián)后，還需要判斷題干句子和選項(xiàng)句子之間的前后位置關(guān)系。

　　接下來(lái)，我們就再通過(guò)幾個(gè)例題，給大家展示一下，題干句子和選項(xiàng)句子之間前后位置關(guān)系判斷的方法。

　　Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. █And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. █For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. █The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. █

　　Look at the four squares[█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　先看題干句子，完成每天的家務(wù)勞動(dòng)需要很多努力。我們要和題干句子對(duì)應(yīng)的信息是“household tasks”家務(wù)勞動(dòng)。對(duì)應(yīng)“household tasks”這個(gè)信息，答案應(yīng)該對(duì)應(yīng)到第三句話的“chore”家務(wù)，那么正確答案應(yīng)該選B還是C呢?

　　此時(shí)我們應(yīng)該按照“觀點(diǎn)→闡述”的原則進(jìn)行，即觀點(diǎn)性的，概括的，抽象的表達(dá)在前;描述性的，細(xì)節(jié)的，具體的表達(dá)在后。對(duì)比兩句話，選項(xiàng)句子中提及了具體的家務(wù)勞動(dòng)的內(nèi)容，是更加細(xì)節(jié)的表達(dá)，因此這道題應(yīng)該放在選項(xiàng)句子的前面，正確答案為B。

　　再看一道例題：

　　█Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. █The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. █We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █

　　Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　先看題干句子，由人類(lèi)造成的對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞通常比由自然進(jìn)程造成的破壞更嚴(yán)重。題干句子中對(duì)比了兩種破壞造成的影響，因此我們對(duì)應(yīng)的信息應(yīng)該是“damage by humans”和“by natural events and processes”，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)句子，應(yīng)當(dāng)是第二句話“The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.”

　　同樣的問(wèn)題，題干句子應(yīng)當(dāng)放在這句話之前還是之后呢?我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)句子中包含for example，是舉例的內(nèi)容，屬于具體細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)我們剛才提到的“觀點(diǎn)→闡述”的原則，題干句子應(yīng)當(dāng)放在這句話的前面，正確答案為B。

　　關(guān)于使用重復(fù)信息解答句子插入題的內(nèi)容就給大家說(shuō)到這里，句子插入題，題干句子有明確的邏輯或指代線索的時(shí)候，大家就按照線索，跟選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng);如果沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的線索，也不要慌張，根據(jù)重復(fù)信息這個(gè)線索，對(duì)應(yīng)題干句子和選項(xiàng)句子中的相同信息進(jìn)行選擇，最后注意兩句話的前后關(guān)系，按照“觀點(diǎn)→闡述”的原則，選出正確答案即可。

備注：本文轉(zhuǎn)自新東方網(wǎng)校