托福閱讀最后的大題怎么做

　　事實(shí)上，絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)本身選擇的就是這種“飽受偏見”的方法。然而，拋下使用排除法是因?yàn)閷W(xué)藝不精這種刻板印象，認(rèn)清錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)方式是最快速實(shí)用的提高正確率的渠道。

　　那么托福閱讀最后一題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)都是因?yàn)槭裁炊e(cuò)的呢?

　　分類很簡(jiǎn)單

　　過于關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)的

　　存在事實(shí)、邏輯關(guān)系、形容對(duì)象錯(cuò)誤的

　　光說無憑，我們以TPO51的“Memphis: United Egypt’s First Capital”為例子，看看兩種類型的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)分別錯(cuò)在何處。

　　Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt. The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication and the national capital was, again, ideally located in this respect. Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times. It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade, transport, and communications than was previously appreciated.

　　Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums. When the floodplain was much lower, as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times, the outwash fans (fan-shaped deposits of sediments) of various wadis (stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods) would have been much more prominent features on the east bank. The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain, forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis. The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers, making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic.

　　Furthermore, the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for the control not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes. The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert. In predynastic times, the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East, to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi.

　　Access to, and control of, trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt’s rulers during the period of state formation. The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt. The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental. Moreover, the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage. As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab, the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land (land suitable for growing crops) was a particularly attractive one for early settlement; this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.

　　請(qǐng)同學(xué)們快速閱讀上面兩段，然后看看下面這個(gè)選項(xiàng)

　　C.The rulers of unified Egypt enjoyed a monopoly over foreign trade because all such trade was required to go through the Wadi Digla, to which the rulers controlled all access.

　　首先，提取這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵信息：

　　“rulers”，“monopoly”，“trade through he Wadi Digla”，看起來似乎沒什么大問題，以上都是在第二段中提到過，甚至重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(如rulers)的詞匯。

　　然而，不知大家是否注意到了這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的“特別”之處：在做托福閱讀的時(shí)候，大家一旦碰見類似“the Wadi Digla”這樣專業(yè)性極強(qiáng)的專屬名詞應(yīng)該立即引起警惕，但不是像絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)那樣對(duì)這類名詞產(chǎn)生恐懼，而是應(yīng)該興奮。為什么呢?因?yàn)檫@類名詞通常都是對(duì)尤其是閱讀最后一題選項(xiàng)正誤很好的提示，更是對(duì)應(yīng)原文時(shí)非常顯著的標(biāo)志物。

　　很容易就可以找到，第二段提到了“the Wadi Digla”的主要是這樣兩處：

　　“In predynastic times, the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East…”和“Moreover, the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage.”

　　同時(shí)我們應(yīng)該注意到在第二次提到“the Wadi Digla”之后，作者緊跟著介紹了兩個(gè)類似的城市 “the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab”：

　　“As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab, the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land…”

　　思考到這里我們已經(jīng)可以判斷這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)了。當(dāng)我們需要用三個(gè)選項(xiàng)大致概括文章的主要觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，其中的三分之一不可能只涵蓋文章一個(gè)自然段不到一半的內(nèi)容。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)犯下了第一大類的錯(cuò)誤：過于關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)任何一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的信息覆蓋量甚至小于一個(gè)段落時(shí)，我們都需要警惕它是否犯下了以上錯(cuò)誤。

　　再次回看我們提煉出的兩句話，還可以發(fā)現(xiàn)別的問題。選項(xiàng)中提到的“all such trade was required to go through the Wadi Digla”其實(shí)是對(duì)第一句話后續(xù)提到的信息的總結(jié)，然而，這句話另一個(gè)重要的信息在開頭：“In predynastic times”，即這句話之后緊跟的所有信息都發(fā)生在埃及統(tǒng)一之前，和選項(xiàng)要求的“The rulers of unified Egypt”相沖突。文科類文章中常見以時(shí)間邏輯敘述的段落，甚至文章本身。因此，選項(xiàng)中任何對(duì)時(shí)間段的提示都是極其重要的信息，時(shí)間和事件的錯(cuò)位同樣也是一個(gè)常見錯(cuò)誤原因。

　　篇幅有限，雖然文章中只分析了一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的分辨方式，事實(shí)上一旦掌握這種方法，對(duì)于任何錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)都可以快速剔出。