托福閱讀事實(shí)信息題解析（上）

　　OG=official guide 官方指南

　　OG定義如下

　　這類題型要求學(xué)生識(shí)別文中明確給出的事實(shí)信息，包括細(xì)節(jié)、定義以及作者陳述的其他信息

　　通常而言，相關(guān)信息會(huì)在一到兩句話中出現(xiàn)

　　只要遵循基本的方法以及一定的句子理解能力，想要搞定事實(shí)信息題并不難

　　來來來，讓我們愉快地聊聊這類題的解題技巧!

　　按照國(guó)際慣例，先上例題!

　　Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

　　2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?

　　In an area that has little water

　　In an area that has little sunlight

　　Above a transition area

　　On a mountain that has on upper timberline.

　　就問你看懂提問內(nèi)容了嗎?

　　第一段中所提及的lower timberline有可能在哪里被發(fā)現(xiàn)?

　　帶著這個(gè)問題我們回到原文段落，帶著關(guān)鍵詞lower timberline逐句閱讀，前三句均為提及l(fā)ower timberline。直到In many semiarid..這句話，說到在很多半干旱地區(qū)，有l(wèi)ower timberline，所以答案判斷為半干旱地區(qū)。

　　然后看選項(xiàng)，A的意思是幾乎沒有水的地方，就對(duì)應(yīng)原文的信息，所以A是正確的。

　　處理事實(shí)信息題基本的做題步驟

　　1.讀題，理解題目的提問內(nèi)容并提煉關(guān)鍵詞

　　2.帶著關(guān)鍵詞閱讀原文段落，尋找對(duì)應(yīng)信息

　　3.核對(duì)選項(xiàng)

　　所以想要做對(duì)一道細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步永遠(yuǎn)是準(zhǔn)確理解題目。在實(shí)際的考試中，大部分的細(xì)節(jié)題題目都是比較容易理解的。

　　但是!偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)較難理解的題目，這就非常考驗(yàn)考生的單句分析能力。

　　上例題，就問你服不服!

　　Geographic isolation can also proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimpse into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glaciers retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible – they had evolved into separate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed – for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.

　　6. According to paragraph 3, separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of plants and animals that

　　Were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared

　　Had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciers

　　Were able to survive being separated from their parent population

　　Had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent population

　　救命!太難了~~

　　來來來，解析在此!

　　這道題的題目比較難理解，因?yàn)轭}干中欠缺了定語從句的內(nèi)容，所以很多同學(xué)在理解的時(shí)候搞不懂題目到底問什么東西。

　　其實(shí)我們把定語從句帶回題目就可以得出這樣的理解：“冰川所造成的亞種隔離導(dǎo)致了什么樣的動(dòng)植物群體的新物種形成?”這就是題目真正所提問的內(nèi)容。

　　然后再根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文中for example的句子，可以得出以下理解：“冰川會(huì)造成群體隔離，而當(dāng)冰川撤退后，被分離的物種又一次開始互相接觸。有一些物種在重新接觸后，已經(jīng)無法繁殖兼容，意味著他們已經(jīng)形成了新物種。而另一些被分離的物種，基因差別并沒有那么大，他們?nèi)耘f可以互相繁殖，對(duì)他們而言，新物種并沒有形成”再結(jié)合題目的提問內(nèi)容，可以得出，那么在重新接觸后，已經(jīng)無法互相繁殖的群體形成了新物種，所以答案選A。

　　那么讀懂了題干的提問內(nèi)容是不是一定能做對(duì)題目呢?答案是否定的。有時(shí)候，題目的提問內(nèi)容并不是那么容易在原文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)，因?yàn)樵牡谋磉_(dá)很有可能發(fā)生了同義轉(zhuǎn)換，考生需要識(shí)別出。

　　雖然你可能有點(diǎn)暈了，但還是要上例題!

　　堅(jiān)持一下，最后一題啦!

　　Paragraph 5: Spartina was transported to Washington State in packing materials for oysters transplanted from the east coast in 1894. Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment. Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them into high marshes inhospitable to the many fish and waterfowl that depend on the mudflats. It is already hampering the oyster harvest and the Dungeness crab fishery, and it interferes with the recreational use of beaches and waterfronts.

　　9.According to paragraph 5, Spartina negatively affects wildlife in estuaries by

　　trapping fish and waterfowl in sediment

　　preventing oysters from transplanting successfully

　　turning mudflats into high marshes and salt meadows

　　expanding the marshy fringes of salt meadows

　　聽“大神”來解析題目——

　　題目問S如何負(fù)面地影響了野生生命。在原文中并沒有出現(xiàn)類似表達(dá)，甚至沒有wildlife這個(gè)單詞，所以我們?cè)陂喿x原文的時(shí)候，就要做好準(zhǔn)備，去尋找題干信息的同意轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　在這里，原文中提到Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them into high marshes inhospitable to the many fish and waterfowl that depend on the mudflats.這句話中的many fish and waterfowl其實(shí)就是題目中的wildlife，而inhospitable就對(duì)應(yīng)negatively。

　　所以這句話就包含了題目的提問內(nèi)容，也就是我們答案句。答案選C。

　　那么如果讀懂了題目，也找到了原文的對(duì)應(yīng)信息，是不是就不會(huì)出錯(cuò)了呢?同樣，這其中也包含玄機(jī)!

　　今天篇幅有限，在下次的講解中，就和大家來探討一下另一種情況：在找到題目的提問內(nèi)容，也就是大家所謂的對(duì)應(yīng)句后，很有可能答案并不在那句話中，而在前后句里。