托福閱讀推理題的介紹

　　推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。

　　二、 推理題的做法

　　對(duì)于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。

　　對(duì)于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，推理題主要有下列思路：

　　1. 一般對(duì)比推理

　　ETS設(shè)計(jì)推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個(gè)事物的特征時(shí)，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另一個(gè)事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：

　　It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

　　A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

　　B. There were great numbers of them.

　　C. They lived in the sea only.

　　D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

　　2. 時(shí)間對(duì)比推理

　　這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

　　例一：

　　Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

　　…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

　　It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

　　(A) families were larger.

　　(B) population statistics were unreliable.

　　(C) the population grew steadily.

　　(D) economic conditions were bad.

　　例二：

　　Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

　　What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?

　　(A) They were truly “silent.”

　　(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.

　　(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.

　　(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.

　　例三：

　　“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

　　A. They did not smoke when they were burned.

　　B. They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

　　C. They were not available to all.

　　D. They contained sulfuric acid.

　　3.集合概念推理

　　集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個(gè)集合中，包含兩個(gè)相對(duì)的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。

　　例一：

　　A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

　　By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

　　What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

　　(A) They value folk cultures.

　　(B) They have no social classes.

　　(C) They have popular cultures.

　　(D) They do not value individualism.

　　例二：

　　Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

　　What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

　　(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

　　(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

　　(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

　　(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.