2020考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解精讀100篇：Unit 56

Unit 56

According to the new research appearing in the July 26 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, obesity isn’t just spreading; rather, it may be contagious between people, like a common cold. Researchers from Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, reviewed a database of 12,067 densely interconnected people—that is, a group that included many families and friends—who had all participated in a major American heart study between 1971 and 2003. The participants met with heart researchers every two to four years. It was that information the NEJM authors mined to explore obesity in the context of a social network.

According to their analysis, when a study participant’s friend became obese, that first participant had a 57% greater chance of becoming obese himself. In pairs of people in which each identified the other as a close friend, when one person became obese the other had a 171% greater chance of following suit. James Fowler, study co-author and a political scientist at UC San Diego says that it’s not just that people who share similar lifestyles become friends. He and co-author Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School considered the possibility—and were surprised. For one thing, geographic distance between friends in the study seemed to have no impact: friends who lived a 5-hour drive apart and saw each other infrequently were just as influenced by each other’s weight gains as those who lived close enough to share weekly take-out meals or pick-up basketball games. The best proof that friendship caused the weight gain, says Fowler, is that people were much more likely to pattern their own behavior on the actions of people they considered friends—but the relationship didn’t work in the other direction. If you had named another person as a friend, and your friend became obese, than you were more than 50% more likely to get fat too. But if your friend had not named you as a mutual friend, and you became obese, it would have no significant impact on your friend’s weight.

The obvious question is, Why? Spouses share meals and a backyard, but the researchers found a much smaller risk of gaining weight—a 37% increase—when one spouse became obese. Siblings share genes, but their influence, too, was much smaller, increasing each other’s risk 40%. Fowler believes the effect has much more to do with social norms: whom we look to when considering appropriate social behavior. Having fat friends makes being fat seem more acceptable. “Your spouse may not be the person you look to when you’re deciding what kind of body image is appropriate, how much to eat or how much to exercise,” Fowler says. Nor do we necessarily compare ourselves to our siblings. “We get to choose our friends,” Fowler says. “We don’t get to choose our families.”

Fowler and Christakis say that the contagion-effect should hold just as much for weight loss as it does for weight gain. “I would hope this influences individuals to get friends and families involved in decisions about health,” Fowler says. After all, he says, a weight-loss plan may be more effective if the people closest to you are on board. And, if you’re successful, your good health will help others achieve a healthy weight too. The impact extends not just to your friends, it turns out—but also to your friends’ friends, and even to their friends.

注（1）：本文選自Economist；

注（2）：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象為2002年真題Text 3。

1. The following are factors causing obesity according to the researchers, EXCEPT_______.

A) similar lifestyles among some people

B) geographical distance between friends

C) one’s closest friend being fat

D) being mutual friend with fat guys

2. It can be inferred from the text that _______.

A) all the participants are connected with each other in a considerably large social network

B) it is a long-term study on which researchers spent years to study the contagion of obesity

C) researchers meet participants suffering heart diseases regularly and other participants irregularly

D) the study is based on a large and reliable database of another medical research

3. The experiment involves both family members and friends because _______.

A) researchers fail to find a more diverse and representative sample

B) researchers have different hypotheses for family members and freinds

C) researchers can easily find these people so as to conduct regular meetings in the long run

D) researchers can compare the results between the friends group and the family group

4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that _______.

A) when people choose friends, obesity comes as the first standard

B) the friends of a fat person must all be very fat

C) family plays a more important role of affecting obesity

D) the contagion-effect of obesity also sheds light on weight loss

5. From the text we can see the writer seems _______.

A) objective

B) optimistic

C) sensitive

D) gloomy

篇章剖析

本文就肥胖在人與人之間的傳播這一問(wèn)題展開(kāi)了論述。第一段提出了話(huà)題，并說(shuō)明了一項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究的背景和方法；第二段展示了研究結(jié)果，并結(jié)合實(shí)例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明；第三段討論了家庭關(guān)系和朋友關(guān)系對(duì)于肥胖的不同影響及其原因；第四段指出了該研究的實(shí)用性以及研究者對(duì)肥胖傳染效應(yīng)的展望。

詞匯注釋

obesity /???b?s?ti/ n. 肥胖，肥大

contagious /k?n?te?d??s/ adj. 傳染性的，會(huì)感染的

densely /?densli/ adv. 密切地

take-out /?te?k?aut/ adj. 供應(yīng)外賣(mài)食物的

spouse /spauz/ n. 配偶（指夫或妻）

norm /n??m/ n. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)范

難句突破

Researchers from Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, reviewed a database of 12,067 densely interconnected people—that is, a group that included many families and friends—who had all participated in a major American heart study between 1971 and 2003.

主體句式：Researchers reviewed a database of 12,067 people.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句看似結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，主要是因?yàn)槠渲杏休^多的修飾成分。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的句子是people的同位語(yǔ)，主要是對(duì)被調(diào)查者的身份進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，其中that is是同位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)志；who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也是修飾people。

句子譯文：來(lái)自哈佛大學(xué)和加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的研究者查閱了1971年到2003年期間參與美國(guó)一項(xiàng)重要心臟研究的12,067位受訪(fǎng)者的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這些受訪(fǎng)者之間大多都有親密的關(guān)系，包括許多家庭成員和朋友。

題目分析

1. B 細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段指出地理上的遠(yuǎn)近對(duì)于肥胖問(wèn)題沒(méi)有什么影響，而A、C、D選項(xiàng)都可以在該段落中找到對(duì)應(yīng)信息。

2. D 推理題。文章第一段中指出關(guān)于肥胖傳染性的研究主要是基于另一個(gè)關(guān)于心臟病研究的數(shù)據(jù)，因而答案為D。A選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于并不是參與研究的所有成員都是互相聯(lián)系著的，但他們都是以家庭成員或者朋友的身份參加研究的。B選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于肥胖傳染性的研究并不是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期研究，而該研究的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于另一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期研究。C選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤原因在于研究者和所有的參與者都是定期見(jiàn)面。

3. D 細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第三段比較了家人和朋友對(duì)于肥胖現(xiàn)象的影響，可以看出研究人員研究這兩組人的目的在于比較兩組人對(duì)于肥胖的相互影響是否會(huì)有不同的效果。

4. D 推理題。文章最后一段指出，該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的肥胖傳染現(xiàn)象也可能促使相反效果的產(chǎn)生，即一個(gè)人減肥會(huì)影響他的親人朋友，從而使得減肥現(xiàn)象也得以傳播，使胖人們的體重向更健康的趨勢(shì)發(fā)展。

5. A 情感態(tài)度題。雖然文章最后指出研究者對(duì)其研究結(jié)果持非常樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度，但綜觀全文，作者的描述一直很客觀，沒(méi)有加入個(gè)人見(jiàn)解，因此答案為A。

參考譯文

7月26日出版的《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》刊登的一項(xiàng)新研究認(rèn)為，肥胖的人不僅僅在越來(lái)越多，更可怕的是，肥胖會(huì)像感冒一樣，在人與人之間傳播。來(lái)自哈佛大學(xué)和加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的研究者查閱了1971年到2003年期間參與美國(guó)一項(xiàng)重要心臟研究的12,067位受訪(fǎng)者的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這些受訪(fǎng)者之間大多都有親密的關(guān)系，包括許多家庭成員和朋友，他們每?jī)芍了哪觊g就與心臟研究者見(jiàn)一次面。正是由于這些信息，使得《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》刊登的這項(xiàng)研究的作者們對(duì)社會(huì)關(guān)系對(duì)肥胖的影響進(jìn)行了深入研究。

根據(jù)研究人員的分析，如果受訪(fǎng)者的朋友肥胖的話(huà)，那些受訪(fǎng)者自己變胖的可能性會(huì)比常人高出57%。如果兩人互為摯友，那么這一幾率將會(huì)高出常人171%。作者之一加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的政治科學(xué)家詹姆斯·福勒認(rèn)為并非只是有相似生活習(xí)慣的人才會(huì)成為朋友。此后詹姆斯·福勒與研究的合著者——哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的尼古拉斯·克里斯塔克斯共同對(duì)此種可能性進(jìn)行了研究，結(jié)果令他們十分驚訝。一方面，研究表明朋友之間的地理位置差距似乎根本不是問(wèn)題：相距車(chē)程為5小時(shí)但經(jīng)常不見(jiàn)面的朋友在對(duì)肥胖的相互影響上和每周都一起吃外賣(mài)或打籃球的朋友一樣。福勒稱(chēng)友誼引起增重的最好證據(jù)就是，人們更加傾向于和心目中的朋友們做一樣的事情——但反過(guò)來(lái)這種關(guān)系并不成立。如果你把一個(gè)人當(dāng)作朋友，他變肥胖了的話(huà)，那你的肥胖概率會(huì)高出常人50%。要是他不把你當(dāng)朋友，那么即使你胖了，對(duì)他的體重也沒(méi)太大影響。

現(xiàn)在的顯著問(wèn)題是為什么會(huì)有此情況？夫妻共處一室，共同進(jìn)餐和生活，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)一方變胖時(shí)，另一方變胖的幾率僅僅高了37%。兄弟姐妹的基因差不多，但他們之間的影響卻也小得多，每人變胖的幾率只有40%。福勒認(rèn)為這與社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有很大關(guān)系，我們看人的時(shí)候總是在考慮什么是合適的社會(huì)行為。如果你的朋友是肥胖者，這就意味著你認(rèn)為肥胖是可以接受的。福勒說(shuō)：“我們選擇配偶不會(huì)只看他/她的體型、他/她的食量和運(yùn)動(dòng)量?！蔽覀円矝](méi)有必要把自己同兄弟姐妹比較。他還說(shuō)：“我們不能選擇家庭，但我們可以選擇朋友?！?

福勒和克里斯塔克斯認(rèn)為這種“傳染效應(yīng)”對(duì)于減肥的影響應(yīng)和增肥一樣。福勒說(shuō)：“我希望這個(gè)研究能使人們?cè)诳紤]健康狀況時(shí)把家人和朋友的因素也考慮進(jìn)去?！彼f(shuō)，畢竟，如果你最親密的人與你一起減肥的時(shí)候，這個(gè)計(jì)劃會(huì)更加成功。同時(shí)，如果你成功減肥，那么你的健康也會(huì)幫助其他人達(dá)到理想的體重。這種效果不僅對(duì)于你的朋友有效，并且對(duì)你朋友的朋友，甚至他們（朋友的朋友）的朋友都會(huì)有影響。