2020考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解精讀100篇：Unit 75

Unit 75

On March 18th Margaret Spellings, the secretary of education, announced a pilot reform to the No Child Left Behind Act（NCLB）, George Bush’s education law, which was passed in 2002. Up to ten states, she said, would be allowed to target their resources at the most severely struggling schools, rather than at the vast number needing improvement. The change drew a predictable mix of praise and censure. Above all, though, it was a reminder of utter inaction elsewhere.

Congress, which was supposed to re-authorise the law last year, has made little progress. On the campaign trail, concerns over Iraq and the economy have made education a minor issue. Contrary to appearances, the law’s main tenets are unlikely to be abandoned completely. But for the Democratic candidates in particular, a proper debate on NCLB is to be avoided like political quicksand.

Most politicians agree that the law has the right goals—to raise educational standards and hold schools accountable for meeting them. NCLB requires states to test pupils on maths and reading from third to eighth grade （that is, from the ages of eight to 13）, and once in high school. Some science testing is being added. Schools that do not make “adequate yearly progress” towards meeting state standards face sanctions. Pupils in failing schools can supposedly transfer to a better one or get tutoring. Most also agree that NCLB has big flaws that must be fixed. Few pupils in bad schools actually transfer—less than 1% of those eligible did so in the 2003-04 school year. Teachers’ unions say the tests are focused too narrowly on maths and reading, fail to measure progress over time and encourage “teaching to the test”. They also complain that the law lacks proper funding. The Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, a conservative policy group, has exposed wide gaps in state standards. Test-data reflect this. In Mississippi 90% of fourth-graders were labelled “proficient” or better in the state reading test in 2006-07. Only 19% reached that level in a national test.

John McCain, the Republican presidential nominee, offers NCLB tepid support but fails to elaborate. At Democratic rallies, NCLB is little more than a whipping-boy. Hillary Clinton proclaims that she will “end the unfunded mandate known as No Child Left Behind”. But though she and Barack Obama deride NCLB publicly, each endorses the idea of accountability. They favour using more sophisticated “assessments” in place of tests, want to value a broader range of skills, punish schools less and support them more. How these ideas would be implemented remains unclear.

Not surprisingly, more controversial proposals can be found among those not running for president. Chester Finn of Fordham thinks the federal government needs greater power to set standards, while states should have more leeway in meeting them. A bipartisan commission on NCLB has issued a slew of proposals. Particularly contentious is a plan to use pupils’ test scores to help identify ineffective teachers as in need of retraining. Of course, standards alone do not improve education. Both Mrs Clinton and Mr Obama propose a host of new programmes for schools, described on their websites if rarely on campaign. But accountability is likely to remain a big part of school reform.

注（1）：本文選自Economist；

注（2）：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象為2003年真題Text 4。

1. The article begins with an announcement about a pilot reform of NCLB to ______.

A) show that the federal government is dedicated to improve education quality

B) tell us that Bush’s education law was not properly designed and needs change

C) introduce how NCLB provokes different opinions and proposals

D) remind places of utter inaction to implement some measures

2. What is implied in Paragraph 3?

A) NCLB’s principles are widely recognized but practices questioned.

B) The aim of NCLB is to encourage students to strive for entering better schools.

C) An important goal of NCLB is to improve students’ test-taking ability.

D) The definitions of “proficiency” are different on the state and federal levels.

3. The Democratic attitude toward NCLB is ______.

A) indifferent

B) disapproving

C) supportive

D) apprehensive

4. According to the proposals raised by those not running for president, ______.

A) a more controversial debate should be carried on about NCLB

B) all the states should strictly meet the standards set by the federal government

C) teachers who fail to help students improve test scores should leave their schools

D) teachers should be provided with more pressure and assistance

5. The text intends to show ______.

A) that the presidency candidates are lukewarm towards educational issues

B) that NCLB is flawed with some fundamental problems

C) the discussion and controversies caused by a pilot reform to NCLB

D) how NCLB fails to comprehensively improve American education in general

篇章剖析

本文就美國(guó)教育部計(jì)劃對(duì)《不讓一個(gè)孩子掉隊(duì)法案》進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)改革這一事件展開(kāi)討論。第一段首先介紹了這一事件；第二段指出像NCLB這樣的教育問(wèn)題并不是總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選中的熱門(mén)話題；第三段指出大多數(shù)政客支持NCLB的基本原則但是認(rèn)為該法案存在很大問(wèn)題；第四段簡(jiǎn)單介紹了兩黨候選人對(duì)NCLB的看法；最后一段就此問(wèn)題深入展開(kāi)，討論更宏觀的教育質(zhì)量問(wèn)題。

詞匯注釋

trail /tre?l/ n. 一長(zhǎng)串；一系列；蹤跡

tenet /?ten?t/ n. 信條；主義；宗旨；原則

quicksand /?kw?ks?nd/ n. 流沙

sanction /?s??k??n/ n. 制裁，處罰

eligible /?el?d??bl/ n. 合格者，適任者

proficient /pr??f???nt/ adj. 精通的，熟練的

tepid /?tep?d/ adj. 不熱情的，不冷不熱的

elaborate /??l?b?r?t/ v. 詳盡闡述；詳細(xì)制定

rally /?r?li/ n. 集合，集會(huì)

mandate /?m?nde?t/ n. 命令，指令

deride /d??ra?d/ v. 嘲笑；嘲弄

endorse /?n?d??s/ v. 支持，贊同

leeway /?li?we?/ n. 余地；（時(shí)間等的）余裕

bipartisan /ba??pɑ?t?z?n/ adj. 兩黨的，代表兩黨的

slew /slu?/ n. 許多

contentious /k?n?ten??s/ adj. 有異議的；引起爭(zhēng)論的

難句突破

They favour using more sophisticated “assessments” in place of tests, want to value a broader range of skills, punish schools less and support them more.

主體句式：They favour...want...punish...and support...

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，其特色是有四個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)，整個(gè)句子讀起來(lái)相當(dāng)有節(jié)奏感，是一種值得借鑒的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格。

句子譯文：他們傾向于用更復(fù)雜的“評(píng)估”來(lái)代替考試，重視更廣泛的技能，增加對(duì)學(xué)校的支持，減少對(duì)其的處罰。

題目分析

1. C 細(xì)節(jié)題。從文章中可以看出，作者開(kāi)頭用美國(guó)教育部計(jì)劃對(duì)NCLB進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)改革這一事件作為一個(gè)引子，引出文章的重點(diǎn)，即各方的觀點(diǎn)和提議，第一段也指出“The change drew a predictable mix of praise and censure.”，因此C是正確答案。

2. A 推理題。文章第三段指出“大多數(shù)政客一致認(rèn)為NCLB的目標(biāo)正確，即提高教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并使學(xué)校確保達(dá)標(biāo)”，“同樣，大多數(shù)政客也認(rèn)為NCLB的問(wèn)題很大，需要改進(jìn)”，由此可見(jiàn)人們認(rèn)同NCLB的基本原則但是質(zhì)疑其具體做法，因此A是正確答案。雖然文中提到“在未達(dá)標(biāo)的學(xué)校讀書(shū)的學(xué)生可以轉(zhuǎn)到好點(diǎn)的學(xué)?；蛘叩玫捷o導(dǎo)”，但這并不是NCLB的目標(biāo)，所以B項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)的。該段指出NCLB的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是鼓勵(lì)了應(yīng)試教學(xué)，所以顯然提高考試能力也不是NCLB的目標(biāo)，C項(xiàng)也不正確。D的錯(cuò)誤在于，該段最后說(shuō)的是各州的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同，而不是國(guó)家和州對(duì)于“熟練”這個(gè)等級(jí)的定義不同。

3. B 情感態(tài)度題。文章第四段提到了兩位民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人對(duì)NCLB的看法，指出希拉里宣稱她會(huì)“取消沒(méi)有基金支持的NCLB條例”，同時(shí)她和奧巴馬公開(kāi)諷刺N(yùn)CLB，這說(shuō)明他們對(duì)NCLB持不支持的態(tài)度，因此答案為B。

4. D 細(xì)節(jié)題。本題主要針對(duì)文章最后一段。最后一段指出“那些沒(méi)有參與總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選的人會(huì)提出更多具有爭(zhēng)議性的方案”，但這里的controversial不是說(shuō)這些人認(rèn)為要進(jìn)行更多的爭(zhēng)論，因此可以首先排除A。B項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)的信息為“the federal government needs greater power to set standards, while states should have more leeway in meeting them”，這里的leeway指的是“回旋余地”，而不是B項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的嚴(yán)格遵守標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，故排除。還有一個(gè)計(jì)劃提出“應(yīng)通過(guò)參考學(xué)生的考試分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)鑒定不合格的老師及其是否需要重新培訓(xùn)”，但沒(méi)有說(shuō)要讓老師離開(kāi)學(xué)校，因此C項(xiàng)也不正確。而這種做法正是給了老師們更大的壓力，同時(shí)培訓(xùn)也是一種幫助，因此正確答案是D。

5. C 主旨題。縱觀全文，文章首先說(shuō)了美國(guó)教育部計(jì)劃對(duì)NCLB進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)改革這一事件，然后下面各個(gè)段落討論了各方的觀點(diǎn)和提議，因此C是正確答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)從表述上來(lái)說(shuō)都是正確的，但是它們都只表達(dá)了文章的一個(gè)方面，不夠全面，故排除。

參考譯文

3月18日，美國(guó)教育部長(zhǎng)瑪格麗特·斯佩林斯宣布將對(duì)《不讓一個(gè)孩子掉隊(duì)法案》（簡(jiǎn)稱NCLB）進(jìn)行試點(diǎn)改革，這項(xiàng)教育法案是布什政府在2002年通過(guò)的。斯佩林斯指出，在此次試點(diǎn)改革中多達(dá)十個(gè)州將被允許把資源有針對(duì)性地投給那些最困難的學(xué)校，而不是分散地投給大批有待改進(jìn)的學(xué)校。正如所料，這種改變引起的社會(huì)反應(yīng)是毀譽(yù)參半。盡管如此，這項(xiàng)改革最重要的一點(diǎn)在于，它給那些完全沒(méi)有采取任何行動(dòng)的其他地方提出了一個(gè)警告。

國(guó)會(huì)原本計(jì)劃在去年重新審定此法，但卻進(jìn)展緩慢。在總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選的過(guò)程中，候選人對(duì)伊拉克和經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)的關(guān)注使得教育問(wèn)題被擠到了一邊。但與表面看起來(lái)不同，該法案的基本原則不可能被徹底丟棄。但特別是對(duì)民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們需要像繞開(kāi)政治“流沙坑”一樣回避對(duì)NCLB法案的認(rèn)真討論。

大多數(shù)政客一致認(rèn)為NCLB的目標(biāo)正確——即提高教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并使學(xué)校確保達(dá)標(biāo)。NCLB要求各州測(cè)試三至八年級(jí)（8到13歲）學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)和閱讀水平。學(xué)生進(jìn)高中后要再考一次，并會(huì)增加一些對(duì)自然科學(xué)的考查。沒(méi)有“適當(dāng)逐年提高”達(dá)到教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的學(xué)校就會(huì)面臨處罰。按照法律，在未達(dá)標(biāo)的學(xué)校讀書(shū)的學(xué)生可以轉(zhuǎn)到好點(diǎn)的學(xué)?；蛘叩玫捷o導(dǎo)。同樣，大多數(shù)政客也認(rèn)為NCLB的問(wèn)題很大，需要改進(jìn)。實(shí)際上，只有極少數(shù)（少于1%）符合條件的學(xué)生在2003~2004學(xué)年中從較差的學(xué)校轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)。教師工會(huì)指出，僅僅測(cè)試數(shù)學(xué)和閱讀范圍過(guò)小，且考查不出學(xué)生隨時(shí)間所取得的進(jìn)步，卻鼓勵(lì)了“應(yīng)試教學(xué)”。他們還指責(zé)該法律缺乏足夠的資金保證。保守政策組織，托馬斯B. 福德姆基金會(huì)指出，各州的教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相差懸殊。而考試數(shù)據(jù)就反映出了這些差距：在密西西比州，90%的四年級(jí)學(xué)生在2006~2007學(xué)年的州閱讀考試中被評(píng)定為“熟練”或更高級(jí)別，但在全國(guó)統(tǒng)考中僅有19%的學(xué)生達(dá)到了這個(gè)水平。

共和黨總統(tǒng)提名人約翰·麥凱恩對(duì)NCLB僅予以不冷不熱的支持，但未能對(duì)之詳加闡述。在民主黨的競(jìng)選集會(huì)上，NCLB只不過(guò)是個(gè)替罪羊。希拉里·克林頓宣稱她會(huì)“取消沒(méi)有基金支持的NCLB條例”。雖然她和巴拉克·奧巴馬公開(kāi)諷刺N(yùn)CLB，但兩人都支持教學(xué)效果考核制。他們傾向于用更復(fù)雜的“評(píng)估”來(lái)代替考試，重視更廣泛的技能，增加對(duì)學(xué)校的支持，減少對(duì)其的處罰。但目前如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這些主張尚不明確。

毫不奇怪，那些沒(méi)有參與總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選的人會(huì)提出更多具有爭(zhēng)議性的方案。福德姆的切斯特·芬恩認(rèn)為，聯(lián)邦政府需要更大的權(quán)力來(lái)制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)各州在達(dá)標(biāo)的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該有更多的回旋余地。一個(gè)兩黨委員會(huì)針對(duì)NCLB發(fā)表了大量提案，其中的一個(gè)尤其引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議，該計(jì)劃提出，應(yīng)通過(guò)參考學(xué)生的考試分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)鑒定不合格的老師及其是否需要重新培訓(xùn)。當(dāng)然，單靠制定教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不能提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量?？肆诸D夫人和奧巴馬先生為學(xué)校提出了一大堆方案，這些方案如果在競(jìng)選中沒(méi)怎么被提及的話，也會(huì)在他們的網(wǎng)頁(yè)上有詳細(xì)解讀。不過(guò)，教學(xué)效果考核制可能還是學(xué)校改革的主要部分。