Job Searching for Graduates in Different Countries
面對(duì)就業(yè)難,各國(guó)畢業(yè)生如何面對(duì)?
隨著畢業(yè)的到來,無數(shù)中國(guó)大學(xué)生也面臨著“就業(yè)難”的尷尬境地——“蟻?zhàn)?rdquo;、“蝸居”等這些曾大肆流行的網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞匯足以揭示近幾年的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的整體就業(yè)狀況。不光是中國(guó)的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生,在全世界,數(shù)以千萬計(jì)的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生也同樣在為工作奔波。外國(guó)大學(xué)生們熱衷于何種工作,他們對(duì)找工作是否有獨(dú)特心得和可借鑒之處?馬上就來看看各國(guó)畢業(yè)生是如何應(yīng)對(duì)畢業(yè)后的工作與生活。夢(mèng)想照進(jìn)現(xiàn)實(shí)是否只是遙不可及的奢望?
Graduates in Great Britain: A Boomerang Generation
英國(guó)畢業(yè)生:“回巢族”的困惑
A poll reveals that of this year’s crop of graduates, 27% will be heading home to live with parents. The comments on the “boomerang generation”, along with explanations that young people prefer free catering and laundry in the parental home to the challenge of independence.
But most parents are worried — for their own offspring and for this generation as a whole. Among the boomerang generation, some have applied, unsuccessfully, for hundreds of jobs, some have piecemeal(零碎的)or part-time work, several are taking MAs(碩士學(xué)位)“to boost their chances” and a large number have “internships”, as employers now call unpaid labour. Only a few have found jobs appropriate to their qualifications.
Ask the so-called boomerang generation and they’ll tell you they are desperate for independence. Some, unable to find employment, are depressed. What must it feel like to apply for so many jobs, to face repeated rejection, to wonder if you can ever join the adult world? How can these individuals have the key experiences of growing up? Because having a job is not just about having money, it’s about developing a sense of your competence, about self-worth, about learning to work with colleagues, and the complexities of contemporary society. Without that chance to grow, the boomerang generation’s life will be actively damaged.
Tip:一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,在今年的英國(guó)畢業(yè)大軍中,約27%的畢業(yè)生將會(huì)回到家中與父母同住。相比面對(duì)獨(dú)立生活的挑戰(zhàn),這群如今被稱為“回巢族”的畢業(yè)生更喜歡父母提供的免費(fèi)食宿。
但大多數(shù)父母都會(huì)為自己的子女以及這一代人擔(dān)憂。“回巢族”中的一些人申請(qǐng)了無數(shù)份工作,但都沒有什么結(jié)果;一些人只能選擇打零工或做兼職;一些人選擇上研究生課程,“期望增加自己的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)”;還有很多人只能做實(shí)習(xí)生——也就是被雇主稱為“免費(fèi)勞動(dòng)力”的職位。只有少數(shù)人找到合適的工作。
其實(shí),“回巢族”也渴望獨(dú)立,只是一些人在找不到工作后便意志消沉。試想一下,如果在找工作過程中接連碰壁,并懷疑你能否融入成年人的世界時(shí),你會(huì)作何感想?在這種狀況下,年輕人如何才能獲得成長(zhǎng)?因?yàn)楣ぷ鞑⒉恢皇菫榱藪赍X,而是為了提升你的能力,實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人價(jià)值,學(xué)會(huì)與同事相處,以及了解社會(huì)的復(fù)雜性。沒有這樣的成長(zhǎng)機(jī)會(huì),“回巢族”的人生無疑會(huì)遭到破壞。
Graduates in America Face Struggle
美國(guó)畢業(yè)生就業(yè)難
Three broad issues will make it tougher for today’s American graduates to launch their careers and succeed over the long run.
First, the job market is still far from booming: March and April’s disappointing job numbers — employers added only 154,000 and 115,000 jobs, respectively, compared with an average gain of about 250,000 in the previous three months — suggest the recovery remains fragile.
Second, the class of 2013 faces tougher competition thanks to “the recession hangover”. Young adults who graduated into the dire labor market of 2011 and 2012 and have been out of work are applying for the same jobs as new grads are. The same goes for earlier grads who were laid off during the recession. Those job candidates, many of whom likely have more experience than new grads, may have an edge.
Last, a debt burden looms. Tuition isn't getting any cheaper, so loan figures are expected to be even higher for the current crop of graduates. That means a greater share of any starting salaries they receive would go to repaying lenders, rather than to rent, furnishings or a down-payment fund for a house, delaying financial independence for many young adults.
Even when new graduates do find jobs, their starting salaries tend to be lower than those for their counterparts who graduated a decade earlier, adjusted for inflation. With a lower base pay, they may never catch up.
Tip:美國(guó)畢業(yè)生也面臨著“就業(yè)難”的問題。
首先,就業(yè)市場(chǎng)還遠(yuǎn)算不上繁榮。3月和4月的就業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)令人失望,分別只增加了15.4萬個(gè)和11.5萬個(gè)工作崗位,而之前三個(gè)月平均每月約增加25萬個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)——這表明經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇依然疲軟。
其次,由于“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退后遺癥”的存在,2013年的畢業(yè)生面臨著更嚴(yán)峻的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。受前幾年糟糕就業(yè)形勢(shì)影響,而一直沒有找到工作的往屆畢業(yè)生們,也會(huì)在今年與應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生們同時(shí)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)工作崗位。這部分求職者經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富,他們比應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
最后,美國(guó)畢業(yè)生面臨著沉重的債務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)。學(xué)費(fèi)年年上漲,這批畢業(yè)生的貸款額度也越來越高。這就意味著他們工作之初的微薄薪水,不得不拿出一大部分用來還貸款,而不是用來租房子、買家具,或支付房子的首付款,這也無形中推遲了他們財(cái)政獨(dú)立的時(shí)間。
由于通貨膨脹,即使這些畢業(yè)生們找到了工作,他們的起薪也比那些10年前的畢業(yè)生要低得多。由于基本工資更低,他們也許永遠(yuǎn)也趕不上以前畢業(yè)生的水平。
法國(guó)畢業(yè)生:記者最熱門
失業(yè)率居高不下并不影響大學(xué)生懷有自己的夢(mèng)想。法國(guó)全國(guó)教育及職業(yè)情報(bào)局(Onisep)對(duì)1000名大學(xué)生進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,主題為“什么是你畢業(yè)后的理想職業(yè)”。答案五花八門,但有一些職業(yè)被提及得最多。其中接受采訪的女生的十大理想職業(yè)分別為:教師,記者,演員,律師,醫(yī)生,教育家,保育員,理發(fā)師,秘書,歌星;男生的十大理想職業(yè)分別為:工程師,飛機(jī)駕駛員,商人,信息工程師,教師,演員,足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員,機(jī)械師,消防員,記者。
不論是社會(huì)調(diào)查還是在網(wǎng)上論壇,法國(guó)青少年只要談到“理想職業(yè)”,就一定少不了“記者”這一項(xiàng)。隨著電子傳媒逐漸普及,電視新聞播報(bào)員、體育節(jié)目評(píng)論員或者重大事件的新聞主持人所散發(fā)出來的強(qiáng)大“魅力”讓法國(guó)青年為之傾倒。
日本畢業(yè)生:大公司是首選
近幾年的調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,大公司一直日本大學(xué)生的首選,排在前50位的就職熱門基本上都是大公司。因?yàn)榇蠊鞠鄬?duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好、生活有保障。但日本大學(xué)生并不盲目追求大公司,調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,只要感覺工作有意義,40%以上的人認(rèn)為中小企業(yè)也可以。有2.9%的人一開始就想在中小企業(yè)工作,因?yàn)楣救松?,自己很快可以?dú)當(dāng)一面。還有1.5%的大學(xué)生想開辦自己的公司。
找到工作的日本大學(xué)生,一般都會(huì)腳踏實(shí)地,從最底層干起,盡心盡力做好自己的本職工作,憑自己的實(shí)力一步一個(gè)腳印,而不是好高騖遠(yuǎn),想馬上發(fā)大財(cái)。當(dāng)然如果公司氛圍不好、工作沒有意思、工作地點(diǎn)不固定、加班多,日本大學(xué)生也會(huì)辭職。
找不到工作的學(xué)生,只能一邊打工一邊找工作。在日本打零工也能滿足日常開銷,只是沒有什么前途。當(dāng)然也有部分大學(xué)生干脆就不想工作,畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)當(dāng)“啃老族”。
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