經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩中國(guó)大學(xué)生就業(yè)難

China's labor market has so far proved resilient despite a slowing economy, but that means little to recent college graduate Wu Xiuyan.

雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)放緩，事實(shí)證明目前為止中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)依然保持堅(jiān)挺。不過(guò)，這對(duì)剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生吳秀艷(音)來(lái)說(shuō)并沒(méi)有多大意義。

"My classmates and I want to find jobs in banks or foreign-trade companies, but the reality is that we can't find positions that match our education," said Ms. Wu, 24 years old, who graduated in June from Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics. She has spent the time since then living at home and trawling recruitment websites.

吳秀艷今年24歲，6月份畢業(yè)于浙江財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院。她說(shuō)，我和同學(xué)都想在銀行或外貿(mào)公司找工作，但我們面臨的現(xiàn)實(shí)是找不到符合自己所學(xué)的職位。畢業(yè)之后，吳秀艷一直呆在家里，在招聘網(wǎng)站上找工作。

"I just want a stable, maybe administrative, job," she said, "but why is it so hard?"

她說(shuō)，我只想要一份穩(wěn)定的工作，或許是行政類(lèi)的吧，但怎么就這么難找呢?

China has shown little evidence of rising unemployment despite the slowest growth rate since the global financial crisis - and is nowhere near the jobless rates seen in some of the countries hardest hit by the euro-zone debt crisis. But slowing growth underscores a fundamental challenge to China's economic development: the underemployment of huge numbers of graduates that Chinese colleges are churning out.

雖然中國(guó)經(jīng)歷著全球金融危機(jī)以來(lái)最低的增長(zhǎng)速度，但鮮有證據(jù)表明其失業(yè)率正在上升。而且它的失業(yè)率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及歐債危機(jī)中某些受打擊最嚴(yán)重國(guó)家的水平。但經(jīng)濟(jì)減速凸顯了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展遇到的一個(gè)根本性挑戰(zhàn)：中國(guó)高校培養(yǎng)的大量畢業(yè)生遭遇就業(yè)難。

Experts say that many of the graduates lack skills such as critical thinking, foreign languages and basic office communications that businesses are looking for. Even small private enterprises that offer humble salaries find many graduates unsatisfactory. "Those small sales companies that desperately need people also reject us graduates," said Ms. Wu. "They say we don't have social resources or work experience that they need."

專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，很多畢業(yè)生缺乏企業(yè)所需的批判思維、外語(yǔ)和基本職場(chǎng)溝通等技能。就連工資微薄的小型私企也覺(jué)得很多大學(xué)生難以讓人滿意。吳秀艷說(shuō)，那些極度缺人的小型銷(xiāo)售公司也拒收我們這些畢業(yè)生，說(shuō)我們沒(méi)有他們所需的社會(huì)資源或工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

At the same time, China has made only limited gains in remaking its economy so it relies more on services and innovation and less on construction and assembly-line manufacturing. That limits the markets for the lawyers, engineers and accountants that Chinese universities are producing.

與此同時(shí)，在從依賴(lài)建筑和水線生產(chǎn)到依賴(lài)服務(wù)和創(chuàng)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型方面，中國(guó)也只取得了有限的進(jìn)展。這使中國(guó)高校培養(yǎng)的律師、工程師和會(huì)計(jì)師就業(yè)市場(chǎng)狹窄。

As a result, many graduates find they can get only low-skill jobs that pay far less than they imagined they would make and see a future of limited prospects. A survey of more than 6,000 new graduates conducted last year by Tsinghua University in Beijing said that entry-level salaries of 69% of college graduates are lower than those of migrant workers who come from the countryside to man Chinese factories, a figure government statistics currently put at about 2,200 yuan ($345) a month. Graduates from lower-level universities make an average of only 1,903 yuan a month, it said.

因此，很多畢業(yè)生發(fā)現(xiàn)他們只能得到工資遠(yuǎn)少于預(yù)期的簡(jiǎn)單工作，甚感前途渺茫。北京清華大學(xué)去年調(diào)查6,000多名應(yīng)屆大學(xué)畢業(yè)生發(fā)現(xiàn)，69%的畢業(yè)生起薪低于農(nóng)民工。目前政府統(tǒng)計(jì)資料顯示，農(nóng)民工一個(gè)月的工資在2,200元(345美元)左右。清華大學(xué)的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，非名校畢業(yè)生的平均月薪只有1,903元。

Li Junjie graduated in June from Communication University of China, majoring in broadcast journalism. "It is getting even harder for us to get a job than the previous graduates of my major because fewer positions are left for me and my classmates," said the 23-year-old native of Guangdong province, who is staying with friends in Beijing as he looks for work.

李俊杰(音)6月份畢業(yè)于中國(guó)傳媒大學(xué)廣電新聞專(zhuān)業(yè)。這位23歲的廣東人目前正在北京找工作，他和朋友一起住。他說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在我們找工作比前幾屆本專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生更難了，因?yàn)榱艚o我和我同學(xué)的崗位越來(lái)越少。

"Media outlets here look for professionals or native English speakers, not fresh Chinese graduates with only a diploma."

他說(shuō)，北京媒體機(jī)構(gòu)找的都是專(zhuān)業(yè)人士或母語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)的人，不是只揣著一份文憑的國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生。

While worker dissatisfaction hasn't manifested itself in public protests, it is bound to be a worry for China's top leaders who regularly stress the need to avoid social instability. China's productivity gains could slow if it can't better match the demand of its current job market and the skills of its graduates.

雖然勞動(dòng)者的不滿尚未表現(xiàn)為公開(kāi)抗議，但它肯定會(huì)引起中國(guó)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的擔(dān)憂，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常強(qiáng)調(diào)維護(hù)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的重要性。如果不能更好地將當(dāng)前勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的需求與大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的技能匹配起來(lái)，那么中國(guó)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提升可能會(huì)放慢。

China's universities have churned out more than 39 million graduates with undergraduate or specialized degrees over the past decade, according to the Ministry of Education. People with some college education now account for about 8.9% of China's population, according to 2010 government data. While that's a much smaller proportion than the 37% of the adult population in the U.S, it's a sharp rise from China's 3.6% in 2000.

教育部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，過(guò)去10年中國(guó)高校已經(jīng)培養(yǎng)出3,900多萬(wàn)名本專(zhuān)科畢業(yè)生。2010年的政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)顯示，受過(guò)一定大學(xué)教育的人目前約占中國(guó)總?cè)丝诘?.9%。雖然這個(gè)數(shù)字遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)成年人口中37%的比例，但較中國(guó)2000年的3.6%卻是大大提高。

The employment rate of college graduates last year was 90%, according to a survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and MyCOS Research Institute, a Beijing-based education consulting firm. But only 47% of the 256,000 graduates surveyed said they feel satisfied in their current job.

根據(jù)中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院和北京教育咨詢(xún)公司麥可思研究院(MyCOS Research Institute)的調(diào)查，去年中國(guó)高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率為90%。但受訪的25.6萬(wàn)名學(xué)生當(dāng)中，只有47%的人表示對(duì)目前的工作滿意。

"To solve the underemployment problem, you need to adjust the economy for the workforce that China has now," said Chetan Ahya, an economist at Morgan Stanley.

摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家阿赫亞(Chetan Ahya)說(shuō)，要解決就業(yè)難問(wèn)題，就得為中國(guó)現(xiàn)有的勞動(dòng)力調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。

"High-end jobs that should have been produced by industrialization, including research, marketing and accounting etc., have been left in the West," said Chen Yuyu, professor at Peking University's Guanghua School of Management. Referencing the trade name of Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., the Taiwan company that makes gadgets for Apple Inc. and others in Chinese factories, he said, "We only have assembly lines in Foxconns."

北京大學(xué)光華管理學(xué)院副教授陳玉宇說(shuō)，研發(fā)、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和會(huì)計(jì)等本應(yīng)在工業(yè)化過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的高端崗位留在了西方，而我們只有富士康的流水線。富士康(Foxconn)是臺(tái)灣企業(yè)鴻海精密工業(yè)股份有限公司(Hon Hai Precision Industry Co.)的商標(biāo)名稱(chēng)，該公司在中國(guó)大陸的工廠為蘋(píng)果(Apple Inc.)等公司代工生產(chǎn)電子產(chǎn)品。

A large population of college-educated workers with ambitions for better jobs could have long-term advantages, economists say. Educated labor could make China more appealing to both foreign and domestic companies hoping to add service-oriented jobs in China. The group so far also seems less likely to stir unrest than migrant workers, who in recent years have staged protests in some areas over low pay and other issues.

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家說(shuō)，大量受過(guò)高等教育、期待獲得更好工作的勞動(dòng)者有望給中國(guó)帶來(lái)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì)。受過(guò)教育的勞動(dòng)者有可能使中國(guó)在希望增加服務(wù)型崗位的內(nèi)外資企業(yè)面前更具吸引力。另外，目前為止這一群體引起社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩的可能性比農(nóng)民工群體更低。近幾年一些地區(qū)曾有農(nóng)民工因?yàn)楣べY低等問(wèn)題而舉行抗議活動(dòng)。

"The underemployment is more a short-term problem," says Albert Park, professor of Economics at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. "The demand will be there for China's graduates."

香港科技大學(xué)(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授樸之水(Albert Park)說(shuō)，就業(yè)難更多的是一個(gè)短期問(wèn)題，對(duì)于中國(guó)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生來(lái)說(shuō)，需求是會(huì)有的。