高級(jí)英語(yǔ) Advanced English(張漢熙) 第二冊(cè) 12.The Discovery of What

The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American

James Baldwin

1 “It is a complex fate to be an American,” Henry James observed, and the principal discovery an American writer makes in Europe is just how complex this fate is. America’s history, her aspirations, her peculiar triumphs, her even more peculiar defeats, and her position in the world – yesterday and today – are all so profoundly and stubbornly unique that the very word “America” remains a new, almost completely undefined and extremely controversial proper noun. No one in the world seems to know exactly what it describes, not even we motley millions who call ourselves Americans.

2 I left America because I doubted my ability to survive the fury of the color problem here. (Sometimes I still do.) I wanted to prevent myself from becoming merely a Negro; or even, merely a Negro writer. I wanted to find out in what way the specialness of my experience could be made to connect me with other people instead of dividing me from them. (I was as isolated from Negroes as I was from whites, which is what happens when a Negro begins, at bottom, to believe what white people say about him.)

3 In my necessity to find the terms on which my experience could be related to that of others, Negroes and whites, writers and non-writers, I proved, to my astonishment, to be as American as any Texas G. I. And I found my experience was shared by every American writer I knew in Paris. Like me, they had been divorced from their origins, and it turned out to make very little difference that the origins of white Americans were European and mine were African – they were no more at home in Europe than I was.

4 The fact that I was the son of a slave and they were the sons of free men meant less, by the time we confronted each other on Europe soil, than the fact that we were both searching for our separate identities. When we had found these, we seemed to be saying, why, then, we would no longer need to cling to the shame and bitterness which had divided us so long.

5 It became terribly clear in Europe, as it never had been here, that we knew more about each other than any European ever could. And it also became clear that, no matter where our fathers had been born, or what they had endured, the fact of Europe had formed us both, was part of our identity and part of our inheritance.

6 I had been in Paris a couple of years before any of this became clear to me. When it did, I like many a writer before me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him, suffered a species of breakdown and was carried off to the mountains of Switzerland, There, in that absolutely Hiroshima landscape, armed with two Bessie Smith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.

7 It was Bessie Smith, through her tone and her cadence, who helped me to dig back to the way I myself must have spoken when I was a pickaninny, and to remember the things I had never listened to Bessie Smith in America (in the same way that, for years, I would not touch watermelon), but in Europe she helped to reconcile me to being a “nigger”.

8 I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here. Once I was able to accept my role – as distinguished, I must say, from my “place”—in the extraordinary drama which is America, I was released from the illusion that I hated America.

9 The story of what can happen to an American Negro writer in Europe simply illustrates, in some relief, what can happen to any American writer there. It is not meant, of course, to imply that it happens to them all, for Europe can be very crippling too; and, anyway, a writer, when he has made his first breakthrough, has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous, unending and unpredictable battle still, the breakthrough is important, and the point is that an American writer, in order to achieve it, very often has to leave this country.

10 The American writer, in Europe, is released, first of all, from the necessity of apologizing for himself. It is not until he is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a “regular guy” that he realizes how crippling this habit has been. It is not necessary for him, there, to pretend to be something he is not, for the artist does not encounter in Europe the same suspicion he encounters here. Whatever the Europeans may actually think of artists, they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real – and as persistent – as rain, snow, taxes or businessmen.

11 Of course, the reason for Europe’s comparative clarity concerning the different functions of men in society is that European society has always been divided into classes in a way that American society never has been. A European writer considers himself to be part of an old and honorable tradition – of intellectual activity, of letters – and his choice of a vocation does not cause him any uneasy wonder as to whether or not it will cost him all his friends. But this tradition does not exist in America.

12 On the contrary, we have a very deep-seated distrust of real intellectual effort (probably because we suspect that it will destroy, as I hope it does, that myth of America to which we cling so desperately). An American writer fights his way to one of the lowest rungs on the American social ladder by means of pure bull-headednessand an indescribable series of odd jobs. He probably has been a “regular fellow” for much of his adult life, and it is not easy for him to step out of that lukewarm bath.

13 We must, however, consider a rather serious paradox ; though American society is more mobile than Europe’s, it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here. This has something to do, I think, with the problem of status in American life. Where everyone has status, it is also perfectly possible, after all, that no one has. It seems inevitable, in any case, that a man may become uneasy as to just what his status is.

14 But Europeans have lived with the idea of status for a long time. A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened. And this means that the actor and the waiter can have a freer and more genuinely friendly relationship in Europe than they are likely to have here. The waiter does not feel, with obscure resentment, that the actor has “made it,” and the actor is not tormented by the fear that he may find himself, tomorrow, once again a waiter.

15 This lack of what may roughly be called social paranoia causes the American writer in Europe to feel – almost certainly for the first time in his life – that he can reach out to everyone, that he is accessible to everyone and open to everything. This is an extraordinary feeling. He feels, so to speak, his own weight, his own value.

16 It is as though he suddenly came out of a dark tunnel and found himself beneath the open sky. And, in fact, in Paris, I began to see the sky for what seemed to be the first time. It was borne in on me – and it did not make me feel melancholy – that this sky had been there before I was born and would be there when I was dead. And it was up to me, therefore, to make of my brief opportunity the most that could be made.

17 I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it. In Paris, I lived in all parts of the city – on the Right bank and the Left, among the bourgeoisie and among les miserables, and knew all kinds of people, from pimps and prostitutes in Pigalle to Egyptian bankers in Neuilly. This may sound extremely unprincipled or even obscurely immoral: I found it healthy. I love to talk to people, all kinds of people, and almost everyone, as I hope we still know, loves a man who loves to listen.

18 This perpetual dealing with people very different from myself caused a shattering in me of preconceptions I scarcely knew I held. The writer is meeting in Europe people who are not American, whose sense of reality is entirely different from his own. They may love or hate or admire or fear or envy this country – they see it, in any case, from another point of view, and this forces the writer to reconsider many things he had always taken for granted. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.

19 This freedom, like all freedom, has its dangers and its responsibilities. One day it begins to be borne in on the writer, and with great force, that he is living in Europe as an American. If he were living there as a European, he would be living on a different and far less attractive continent.

20 This crucial day may be the day on which an Algerian taxi-driver tells him how it feels to be an Algerian in Paris. It ma, y b, e, the d, ay on , which he passes a café terrace and catches a gl, i, mpse , of the tense, intelligent and troubled face of Albert Camus. Or it may be the day on which someone asks him to explain Little Rock and he begins to feel that it would be simpler – and, corny as the words may sound, more honorable – to go to Little Rock than sit in Europe, on an American passport, trying to explain it.

<, /FONT>, 21 This is a personal day, a terrible day, the day to which his entire sojournhas been tending. It is the day he realizes that there are no untroubled countries in this fearfully troubled world; that if he has been preparing himself for anything in Europe, he had been preparing himself – for America. In short, the freedom that the American writer finds in Europe brings him, full circle, back to himself, with the responsibility for his development where it always was: in his own hands.

22 Even the most incorrigible maverick has to be born somewhere. He may leave the group that produced him – he may be forced to – but nothing will efface his origins, the marks of which he carries with him everywhere. I think it is important to know this and even find it a matter for rejoicing, as the strongest people do, regardless of their station. On this acceptance, literally , the life of a writer depends.

23 The charge has often been made against American writers that they do not describe society, and have no interest in it. They only describe individuals in opposition to it, or isolated from it. Of course, what the American writer is describing is his own situation. But what is Anna Karenina describing if not the tragic fate of the isolated individual, at odds with her time and place?

24 The real difference is that Tolstoy was describing an old and dense society in which everything seemed –to the people in it, though not to Tolstoy – to be fixed forever. And the book is a masterpiece because Tolstoy was able to fathom , and make us see, the hidden laws which really governed this society and made Anna’s doom inevitable.

25 American writers do not have a fixed society to describe. The only society they know is one in which nothing is fixed and in which the individual must fight for his identity. This is a rich confusion, indeed, and it creates for the American writer unprecedented opportunities.

26 That the tension of American life, as well as the possibilities, are tremendous is certainly not even a question. But these are dealt with in contemporary literature mainly compulsively ; that is, the book is more likely to be a symptom of our tension than an examination of it. The time has come, God knows, for us to examine ourselves, but we can only do this if we are willing to free ourselves of the myth of America and try to find out what is really happening here.

27 Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people, and ours is no exception. It is up to the American writer to find out what these laws and assumptions are. In a society much given to smashing taboos without thereby managing to be liberated from them, it will be no easy matter.

28 It is no wonder, in the meantime, that the American writer keeps running off to Europe. He needs sustenance for his journey and the best models he can find. Europe has what we do not have yet, a sense of the mysterious and inexorable limits of life, a sense, in a word, of tragedy. And we have what they sorely need: a new sense of life’s possibilities.

29 In this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New, it is the writer, not the statesman, who is our strongest arm. Though we do not wholly believe it yet, the interior life is a real life, and the intangible dreams of people have a tangible effect on the world.

第十二課一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)：做一個(gè)美國(guó)人意味著什么

詹姆斯鮑德溫

亨利詹姆斯曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，"身為一個(gè)美國(guó)人是一種復(fù)雜玄妙的命運(yùn)。"而一位作家在歐洲作出的最重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)就是這種命運(yùn)究竟復(fù)雜到何種程度。美國(guó)的歷史，其遠(yuǎn)大志向，其不同凡響的輝煌成就，還有她那更加不同凡響的挫折失敗。以及她在世界上的地位--不論是過(guò)去還是現(xiàn)在…都是那么深不可測(cè)而又無(wú)可更改地獨(dú)一無(wú)二，以至于"美國(guó)"這個(gè)詞至今仍是一個(gè)陌生的、幾乎可以說(shuō)是完全沒(méi)有明確定義的、且具有極大爭(zhēng)議性的專(zhuān)有名詞。世界上似乎還沒(méi)有人確切地知道這個(gè)詞的含義，就連我們這些五顏六色、千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)自稱(chēng)為美國(guó)人的人也不例外。

我當(dāng)初離開(kāi)美國(guó)是因?yàn)槲以鴳岩勺约耗芊窠?jīng)受住這兒的有色人種問(wèn)題的狂風(fēng)暴雨的沖擊。(現(xiàn)在我仍然時(shí)不時(shí)地這樣懷疑。)我想使自己不至于僅僅成為一個(gè)黑人，或是僅僅只成為一個(gè)黑人作家。我想尋求一種什么途徑。來(lái)使自己的生活經(jīng)歷的特殊性把自己與他人聯(lián)系起來(lái)而不是分離開(kāi)來(lái)。(我同黑人之間也產(chǎn)生了隔閡，就像我同白人之間的隔閡一樣嚴(yán)重，當(dāng)一個(gè)黑人開(kāi)始真正地相信白人對(duì)黑人的評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)，常常就會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的情況。)

在我認(rèn)為有必要去尋求一種能把我的生活經(jīng)歷同別的人一一黑人和白人，作家和非作家--的生活經(jīng)歷聯(lián)系起來(lái)的途徑的過(guò)程中，我驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)：自己原來(lái)也同任何得克薩斯州士兵一樣，是非常愛(ài)國(guó)的美國(guó)人。而且我發(fā)現(xiàn)，我在巴黎所認(rèn)識(shí)的每一位美國(guó)作家都有我這種感受。他們都同我一樣脫離了自己的本源，而且事實(shí)證明，這些美國(guó)白人的歐洲本源同我的非洲本源競(jìng)沒(méi)有多少差別--他們?cè)跉W洲也像我一樣感到不自在。

我是奴隸的后代，而他們是自由人的子孫，這種差異則無(wú)關(guān)緊要。因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)跉W洲大地上相遇時(shí)，都在努力探求著各自的自我價(jià)值。當(dāng)我們終于發(fā)現(xiàn)各自的自我價(jià)值之后，我們似乎都在感慨：這下可好啦，多少年來(lái)造成我們之間的隔閡的遺憾和痛苦之情，我們可再也不用死抱住不放了。

我們美國(guó)人彼此間的相互了解超過(guò)任何歐洲人所能達(dá)到的程度。這一點(diǎn)在本國(guó)不曾有人認(rèn)識(shí)到，但一到歐洲，我們便認(rèn)識(shí)得很清楚了。還有一點(diǎn)也顯得很清楚：不論我們的祖先源于何處，也不管他們?cè)羞^(guò)什么樣的遭遇，我們美國(guó)黑人和白人都是歐洲造就出來(lái)的。這一事實(shí)就是我們的身分以及我們的遺傳特征的組成部分。

在我認(rèn)清這些之前，我在巴黎呆了兩三年的時(shí)間。待到認(rèn)清這些之后，我就像許多前輩作家發(fā)現(xiàn)他的生活支柱全部被人拆掉了一樣，遭受了一種精神崩潰的痛苦，不得不到瑞士的高山上去療養(yǎng)。在那一片晶瑩的雪山景色中。我以?xún)蓮堌愇?middot;史密斯的唱片和一臺(tái)打字機(jī)為工具，開(kāi)始試圖把自己孩提時(shí)代最初體驗(yàn)到的，多年來(lái)又一直想盡力忘卻的生活經(jīng)歷再現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

是貝西·史密斯用她的音調(diào)和節(jié)拍幫我發(fā)掘出了當(dāng)我還是個(gè)黑人小孩時(shí)本就使用過(guò)的說(shuō)話(huà)口吻，使我重新憶起了小時(shí)候的所聞、所見(jiàn)和所感。我已將這些深深藏在了心底。在美國(guó)。我從來(lái)不聽(tīng)貝西·史密斯的歌(這與我多年不碰西瓜是同一道理)，但在歐洲，她卻使我體會(huì)到身為"黑鬼"并沒(méi)有什么不好。

我覺(jué)得自己在美國(guó)是體會(huì)不到這一點(diǎn)的。一旦我能夠接受自己在美國(guó)這出不同尋常的戲劇中所扮演的角色--應(yīng)該指出，這里說(shuō)的角色是就我的"地位"而言--我便從仇恨美國(guó)的幻覺(jué)中清醒過(guò)來(lái)了。

一個(gè)美國(guó)黑人作家在歐洲所可能遇到的一切只是比較鮮明地顯示了任何一位美國(guó)作家在歐洲所可能遇到的情況。當(dāng)然這并不是說(shuō)所有的人都會(huì)遇上同樣的情況，因?yàn)闅W洲也很有可能阻礙人的發(fā)展。不管怎么說(shuō)，當(dāng)一個(gè)作家完成自己的第一次突破時(shí)，他只不過(guò)是在一次險(xiǎn)象環(huán)生、曠日持久、勝負(fù)難料的戰(zhàn)役中打贏了一場(chǎng)有決定意義的小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)斗。雖則如此，第一次突破仍是很重要的，問(wèn)題是一個(gè)美國(guó)作家要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一次突破，往往就必得離開(kāi)自己的國(guó)家。

在歐洲，美國(guó)作家首先是不必為自己進(jìn)行辯護(hù)的。只有等到他擺脫了要靠屈伸肌肉亮出本領(lǐng)來(lái)證明自己是個(gè)"正常人"的習(xí)慣之后，他才會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到這一習(xí)慣是多么的有害。在歐洲，他不必裝模作樣地掩飾自己的本來(lái)面目，因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)家在那里不會(huì)像在美國(guó)一樣遭到懷疑。不論歐洲人對(duì)待藝術(shù)家的實(shí)際態(tài)度如何，他們所毀掉的藝術(shù)家已經(jīng)夠多的了，而現(xiàn)在他們終于認(rèn)識(shí)到藝術(shù)家就像雨、雪、稅收和商人一樣是真實(shí)存在，并且永遠(yuǎn)會(huì)存在的。

當(dāng)然，歐洲人之所以對(duì)于人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)中所起的不同作用有比較明確的概念，是因?yàn)闅W洲社會(huì)歷來(lái)就被劃分為不同的階層，而美國(guó)社會(huì)則從未這樣劃分過(guò)。歐洲作家把自己看作一種古老而光榮的傳統(tǒng)--文化活動(dòng)或文學(xué)創(chuàng)作傳統(tǒng)--的一部分。在選擇這一職業(yè)時(shí)，他不用去顧慮自己是否會(huì)因此而失去所有的朋友。然而，美國(guó)卻沒(méi)有這樣一種傳統(tǒng)。

恰恰相反，我們美國(guó)人對(duì)于真正的文化活動(dòng)持有一種根深蒂固的不信任態(tài)度(這大概是因?yàn)槿藗儞?dān)心文化活動(dòng)會(huì)粉碎一一我倒希望如此一一我們死死抓住不放的美國(guó)神話(huà))。一個(gè)美國(guó)作家必須憑著一股十足的牛勁拼命奮斗，并從事一系列難以形容的零工雜活才能勉強(qiáng)爬上美國(guó)社會(huì)階梯的最低一級(jí)。也許在他成年生活的大部分時(shí)間里，他一直在過(guò)著"正常人"的生活，要他從這個(gè)溫水浴池中跨出來(lái)，可實(shí)在有點(diǎn)不容易。

不過(guò)，我們還必須考慮一個(gè)相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的怪現(xiàn)象：盡管美國(guó)社會(huì)提供給人們的改變社會(huì)地位的機(jī)會(huì)比歐洲多，但在歐洲人們卻比在美國(guó)更容易跨越社會(huì)和職業(yè)界線(xiàn)。我認(rèn)為，這同美國(guó)社會(huì)生活中的地位問(wèn)題不無(wú)關(guān)系。在一個(gè)人人都有地位的地方，也完全可能沒(méi)有一個(gè)人真正有地位。因此，一個(gè)人會(huì)因?yàn)椴恢约旱匚蝗绾味鴳n(yōu)心忡忡，這是無(wú)論如何都不可逃避的事實(shí)。

而歐洲人早已正確接受了地位觀念。一個(gè)人不論是當(dāng)個(gè)好堂倌還是好演員，都會(huì)同樣地為自己的地位而感到自豪，而且彼此之間也不會(huì)感到有任何威脅。這就意味著，在歐洲，一個(gè)演員和一個(gè)堂倌之間可以建立起比在美國(guó)更自由、更真誠(chéng)的友誼。堂倌不會(huì)因演員的"成名得利"而感到絲毫的怨憤，演員也不用提心吊膽地害怕自己有朝一日會(huì)重新當(dāng)起堂倌。

由于消除了那種可以不那么準(zhǔn)確地稱(chēng)之為社會(huì)偏執(zhí)狂的心理，在歐洲的美國(guó)作家開(kāi)始覺(jué)得--幾乎可以肯定地說(shuō)是平生第一次產(chǎn)生這種感覺(jué)一一他可以接近任何人，也歡迎任何人來(lái)接近他，而且也愿意同任何人談?wù)撊魏问?。這是一種很不尋常的感覺(jué)?？梢哉f(shuō)，他感覺(jué)出了自身的分量和價(jià)值。

這就好比是他突然問(wèn)從一條黑暗的隧道中走出，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正置身于遼闊的天空之下。確確實(shí)實(shí)，我就是在巴黎才仿佛是第一次見(jiàn)到了天空。這使我深深地認(rèn)識(shí)到--但這并沒(méi)有使我憂(yōu)傷…那天空在我出生前就已存在，而在我去世之后仍將存在。因此，如何盡可能地充分利用自己短暫的一生，就完全取決于我自己了。

我出生于紐約，但生活范圍只限于紐約的一些小角落，而在巴黎，我的生活足跡卻遍及全市的每一個(gè)角落--在右岸區(qū)和左岸區(qū)，在有錢(qián)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)中間和"悲慘世界"里的窮人中間。我還結(jié)識(shí)了各式各樣的人物，從皮加葉區(qū)的老鴇和妓女到納伊區(qū)的埃及銀行家都接觸過(guò)。這聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能很不正經(jīng)，甚至有點(diǎn)不道德，但我覺(jué)得這是正常的。我喜歡與人交談，與各種各樣的人交談，而幾乎每一個(gè)人--正如我所希望人們?nèi)匀幻靼椎?-都是喜歡愛(ài)聽(tīng)人講話(huà)的人。

與這些跟我自己大不相同的人的不斷交往，破除了我思想上原先并沒(méi)有意識(shí)到的一些偏見(jiàn)。作者在歐洲遇見(jiàn)的一些人并不是美國(guó)人，他們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的感受同他本人的感受完全兩樣。對(duì)于美國(guó)這個(gè)國(guó)家，他們或是熱愛(ài)，或是憎恨，或是敬佩，或是畏懼，或是妒忌--反正他們是從另一個(gè)不同的角度來(lái)看待美國(guó)的，這就迫使作者對(duì)許多他原以為是理所當(dāng)然的事情重新加以考慮。這個(gè)重新認(rèn)識(shí)的過(guò)程是非常痛苦的，但也是很有價(jià)值的。

這種自由(指美國(guó)作家到歐洲后擺脫了原先的種種束縛和傳統(tǒng)觀念，等于獲得了某種自由一一譯者注)，像任何一種自由一樣，也帶來(lái)一些危險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任?？傆幸惶欤跉W洲的美國(guó)作家會(huì)意識(shí)到，而且是強(qiáng)烈地意識(shí)到，他是作為一個(gè)美國(guó)人居住在歐洲的。倘若他是作為一個(gè)歐洲人居住在歐洲，那么，他所居住的這塊大陸在他心目中的地位就會(huì)大不一樣，其對(duì)他的吸引力也會(huì)大打折扣。

這個(gè)有決定性意義的一天，可能就是當(dāng)一個(gè)阿爾及利亞出租車(chē)司機(jī)對(duì)他講起作為一個(gè)阿爾及利亞人生活在巴黎有何種感受的那一天，也可能是他路過(guò)某一家露天小吃店的平臺(tái)，一眼瞥見(jiàn)艾伯特·加繆那張緊張、睿智而又苦悶的面孔的那一天，還有可能是有人請(qǐng)他講述一下小石城的事情的那一天。這時(shí)，他就會(huì)感覺(jué)到，與其拿著美國(guó)護(hù)照坐在歐洲向人們講述小石城的事情，倒不如親身投入到小石城的民主斗爭(zhēng)中去來(lái)得干脆--或者說(shuō)光榮，盡管這個(gè)詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)有些不新鮮。

這是他個(gè)人生活中有重大意義的一天，是可怕的一天，也是他的整個(gè)羈旅生涯目標(biāo)所向的一天。就是在這一天，他終于認(rèn)識(shí)到，在這個(gè)多災(zāi)多難的世界上并不存在什么太平樂(lè)土;如果說(shuō)他一直在歐洲訓(xùn)練自己準(zhǔn)備承擔(dān)什么重任的話(huà)，他實(shí)際是在為美國(guó)而訓(xùn)練自己?？偠灾?，美國(guó)作家在歐洲找到的自由，帶著他繞了整整一圈后，又回到了自己身邊。用其自身發(fā)展的責(zé)任把自己又帶回到了自由原本所在之處--他自己手中。

即使是一頭最不可救藥的迷途小牛也必有其降生地點(diǎn)。他也許會(huì)脫離那曾生養(yǎng)他的群體--或許是被迫如此一一但是，無(wú)論他走到哪里，他身上總會(huì)帶著他的出身標(biāo)志，這是無(wú)論如何也抹不掉的。我認(rèn)為了解這一點(diǎn)，甚至像那些最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人那樣，不論地位如何，能視之為樂(lè)事，是很重要的。說(shuō)實(shí)在的，一個(gè)作家的命運(yùn)便取決于他對(duì)這一點(diǎn)能否接受。

人們常常指責(zé)美國(guó)作家們.說(shuō)他們不描寫(xiě)社會(huì)，對(duì)社會(huì)問(wèn)題不感興趣。他們只喜歡描寫(xiě)與社會(huì)對(duì)立的個(gè)人，或是與社會(huì)相脫離的個(gè)人。誠(chéng)然，美國(guó)作家所描寫(xiě)的是他個(gè)人的情況，但《安娜·卡列寧娜》中所描寫(xiě)的，如果說(shuō)不是那個(gè)與時(shí)代和社會(huì)格格不入的孤立個(gè)人的悲慘命運(yùn)，那又到底是什么呢?

真正的區(qū)別在于：托爾斯泰所描寫(xiě)的是一個(gè)古老而結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密的社會(huì)，在那個(gè)社會(huì)中，一切事物--在該社會(huì)的成員看來(lái)，不過(guò)不包括托爾斯泰一一似乎都是一成不變的。這部著作之所以成為一部偉大作品是因?yàn)橥袪査固┠軌蛱剿鞒?，并且使我們清楚地看到一些潛在的?guī)律，這些規(guī)律對(duì)那個(gè)社會(huì)起著實(shí)際的支配作用并使安娜的悲慘結(jié)局成為必然之事。

美國(guó)作家并沒(méi)有一個(gè)一成不變的社會(huì)可供他們描寫(xiě)。他們所了解的社會(huì)只是一個(gè)萬(wàn)事皆變、人人為出人頭地而奮斗的社會(huì)。這確實(shí)是一個(gè)五彩繽紛、錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的社會(huì)，它為美國(guó)作家提供了前所未有的創(chuàng)作機(jī)會(huì)。

美國(guó)生活的極度緊張和它提供的無(wú)限的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)已經(jīng)是盡人皆知、毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的事實(shí)了。但當(dāng)代文學(xué)作品中對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的描寫(xiě)卻很帶勉強(qiáng)性。也就是說(shuō)，這些作品不是對(duì)我們社會(huì)中的緊張生活的深入分析，倒更像是這種緊張生活的直接反映。天曉得，現(xiàn)在該我們對(duì)自己進(jìn)行一番檢查的時(shí)候了。但如果我們要將自己從美國(guó)神話(huà)中解放出來(lái)，并設(shè)法弄清楚這個(gè)國(guó)家的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況究竟是怎樣的，我們也就只能這樣做。

每個(gè)社會(huì)其實(shí)都是由一些潛在的規(guī)律，由一些人們沒(méi)有說(shuō)出來(lái)但卻深深感覺(jué)到并看作是理所當(dāng)然的事物所支配的，我們的社會(huì)也不例外。要弄清這些規(guī)律和事物，就要由美國(guó)作家來(lái)努力。在一個(gè)非常喜愛(ài)沖破禁忌卻又不能由此從中解脫出來(lái)的社會(huì)，要弄清這些，不會(huì)是一件容易的事。

難怪在此期間美國(guó)作家不斷跑到歐洲去。他的人生歷程需要精神食糧，他也需要可能找到的最好的模式。歐洲有著我們還沒(méi)有的東西，一種生活的神秘而又不可抗拒的極限感，一句話(huà)，一種悲劇感。而我們也有著他們十分需要的東西--一種認(rèn)為生活大有可為的新認(rèn)識(shí)。

在努力把舊世界的看法和新世界的看法結(jié)合起來(lái)的過(guò)程中，不是政治家，而是作家，是我們最強(qiáng)的一支力量。雖然我們迄今還未全信，可是內(nèi)心的生活確是真正的生活，而人們那種海市蜃樓般的夢(mèng)幻卻對(duì)世界有著實(shí)實(shí)在在的影響。

(選自《沒(méi)有人知道我的名字》)

詞匯(Vocabulary)

controversial (adj.) : stirring up controversy;debatable引起爭(zhēng)論的

motley (adj.) : of many colors or patches of color;having or composed of many different or clashing elements：heterogeneous雜色的;斑雜的;混雜的，雜亂的

identity (n.) : the condition or fact of being a specific person or thing;individuality個(gè)性;個(gè)人的特征

prop (n.) : a rigid support，as a beam，stake，or pole，placed under or against a structure or part支柱;支持物;撐材

alabaster (n.) : a translucent，whitish，fine-grained variety of gypsum，used for statues，vases，etc.雪花石膏

cadence (n.) : inflection or modulation in tone;any rhythmic flow of sound聲音的抑揚(yáng)頓挫;聲調(diào);節(jié)奏

pickaninny (n.) : .a negro child黑人小孩

cripple (v.) : frustrate，hinder;make unable or unfit to act，function effectively，etc.使損傷;使喪失活動(dòng)能力;使失去戰(zhàn)斗力;削弱

breakthrough (n.) : a strikingly important advance or discovery in any field of knowledge or activity突破;重大發(fā)現(xiàn);驚人進(jìn)展

skirmish (n.) : a brief fight or encounter between small groups，usually an incident of a battle：any slight。unimportant conflict;brush小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)斗;小沖突

rung (n.) : any of the crosspieces constituting the steps of a ladder梯級(jí)

lukewarm (n.) : (of liquids，etc.)barely or moderately warm(液體等)微溫的

paradox (n.) : a statement that seems contradictory，unbelievable.or absurd but that may actually be true in fact反論

paranoia (n.) : a mental disorder characterized by systematized delusions，as of grandeur，or，esp. ，persecution，often, except in a schizophrenic state，with an otherwise relatively intact personality妄想狂;偏執(zhí)狂

accessible (adj.) : easy to approach or enter易接近的;易進(jìn)去的

pocket (n.) : a small area or group of a specified type小塊地區(qū);凹地;小圈子

pimp (n.) : one who is an agent for a prostitute or prostitutes and lives off their earnings;procurer拉皮條的人;為妓女拉客的人;妓院老板

perpetual (adj.) : continuing indefinitely without interruption：unceasing;constant不斷的;重復(fù)不停的

preconception (n.) : bias or prejudice偏見(jiàn)

terrace (n.) : an unroofed paved area，immediately adjacent to a house，etc.露天平臺(tái);陽(yáng)臺(tái)

corny (adj. [cloolq.]) : unsophisticated，old-fashioned，trite，banal，sentimental，etc.過(guò)時(shí)的;陳腐的

sojourn (n.) : a brief 0r temporary stay;visit旅居;短期訪問(wèn)

incorrigible (adj.) : not corrigible;that cannot be corrected。improved，or reformed，esp. because firmly established, as a habit不可救藥的;難以糾正的;根深蒂固的

efface (v.) : rub out，as from a surface;erase;wipe out;obliterate(從表面)擦掉，擦去，抹去;消除(痕跡)

fathom (v.) : measure the depth of;get to the bottom of; understand thoroughly測(cè)深;追根究底;弄清…的真相

unprecedented (adj.) : having no precedent or parallel;unheard-of;novel前所未有的;無(wú)前例的;新奇的

compulsive (adj.) : of，having to do with，or resulting from compulsion強(qiáng)迫的;有強(qiáng)迫力的

taboo (n.) : any social prohibition or restriction that results from convention or tradition(社會(huì)習(xí)俗或傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣方面的)禁忌;避諱

sustenance (n.) : that which sustains life;nourishment;food食物;營(yíng)養(yǎng)物

inexorable (adj.) : that cannot be moved or influenced by persuasion or entreaty;unrelenting不退讓的，不屈不撓的;不為所動(dòng)的

sorely (adv.) : urgently;greatly;extremely迫切地;極其;非常

wed (v.) : unite or join closely密切結(jié)合

arm (n.) : any combatant branch of the military forces兵種;軍種

intangible (adj.) : that cannot be easily defined，formulated，or grasped;vague難以確定(或捉摸、掌握)的;模糊的;不明確的

短語(yǔ)(Expressions)

at bottom : fundamentally，actually根本上，實(shí)際上

例：At bottom I don't trust him.實(shí)際上我并不信任他。

in nigllt(from) : escaping from逃避，逃開(kāi)

例：She has to face what she is always in flight from now.她現(xiàn)在必須面對(duì)自己一直在逃避的事情了。

in reHef : in sharp contrast浮雕一般，鮮明地，顯著地

例：The peaks stood out in bold relief against the azure sky.在藍(lán)天的映襯下，山峰的輪廓極為明顯。

be borne.m on/upon sb.: if a fact is borne in 0n someone,they re-alize that it is tree(事實(shí)等)為某人所認(rèn)識(shí)的

例：It was borne in on us how close we had been to disaster.我們已認(rèn)識(shí)到災(zāi)難迫在眉睫。