500余處文物因洪災受損 該怎么保護？

2020年6月28日，重慶濯水古城的民居被洪水淹沒。(圖片來源：新華社)

Statistics from the National Cultural Heritage Administration showed that by Thursday, more than 500 unmovable cultural relics such as monuments, ancient architecture and bridges in 11 provincial-level regions had been destroyed or damaged by floodwater. Seventy-six of the sites are under national-level protection, and 187 under provincial-level protection.

國家文物局的數(shù)據顯示，截至7月16日，11省份有500余處不可移動文物因洪災受到損壞，其中涉及全國重點文物保護單位76處、省級文物保護單位187處。受損文物包括紀念碑、古建筑以及橋梁等。

【單詞講解】

在考古領域挖掘出來的“(工具、武器、飾品等具有考古或歷史價值的)文物”一般用artifact。而我們常見的cultural relics里面的relic則指“遺跡、遺留物、遺址”等。我們可以說，在表示“歷史遺跡”的時候，relic涵蓋的范圍要比artifact要廣一些，而且這兩個詞一般都用復數(shù)形式。

國家文物局副局長宋新潮介紹，長江流域省份文物受損情況較為嚴重，其中江西160處，安徽144處，湖南62處，四川41處，廣西35處，湖北31處。

The administration has allocated about 3.5 million yuan to a special fund for cultural heritage rescue work in the provinces.

國家文物局已向文物受災嚴重的省份撥付文物應急搶險資金350萬元。

文物受損成因分析

文物本身防災抗災能力弱

"Floodwaters have been a major threat to the safety of Chinese cultural heritage throughout history," Song said. "And these old bridges, city walls and houses often have a poor capacity to counter disasters due to the lasting influence of natural erosion and human activities.

洪澇等自然地質災害歷來是危害文物安全的重要因素。古橋梁、古城墻、古民居等文物建筑年代悠遠，受自然環(huán)境侵蝕和人為活動影響，抵御自然地質災害能力弱。

Ancient Chinese architecture is usually made of wood, tiles and bricks. When reservoirs in the upper reaches discharge waters, these heritage sites cannot withstand the impact of torrents.

我國文物建筑多為木構架結構，主要建筑材料為木材、磚瓦等，一些上游水庫泄洪排澇，這些文物無法承受大流量洪水的沖擊。

防災減災技術研究不足

"Speaking of ancient architecture, cultural heritage experts and architects have usually focused on studying their layout, historical context and the structure of components," he said. "However, their capacity to withstand natural disasters has often received less attention, and we have thus lacked a comprehensive system to introduce disaster-prevention technology into renovation work and training programs."

我國文物、建筑學界對文物建筑的保護研究集中在建筑格局、形制、結構等方面，對文物自身具有的防災抗災功能作用關注不夠，未能形成系統(tǒng)的文物防災理念和技術體系，文物修繕中防災減災措施缺少針對性指導。

如何保護文物

有效防范是基礎

He said the administration will coordinate with different government departments to include the safety of heritage sites in the national disaster prevention and mitigation system, with cultural relics to be treated as "key properties", like human life.

國家文物局要督導各地將文物防災減災納入防災減災體系，將文物作為和生命一樣的重要財產來看待。

發(fā)揮文物自身防災功能

For instance, the Forbidden City in Beijing, China's former imperial palace, has seldom been flooded since its founding 600 years ago due to its superb sewage system. And the sewage system in the historical neighborhood in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, was designed during the Song Dynasty and still functions well today.

北京故宮科學的排水系統(tǒng)使其600余年始終未遭水害，江西贛州古城“福壽溝”是宋代城市排水系統(tǒng)，至今仍發(fā)揮著重要的防汛抗災作用。

"An important task is to conduct in-depth studies of the extraordinary capacities of ancient Chinese cities and take full advantage of those functions today," he said.

當前一項重要任務是組織開展專項系統(tǒng)研究，深入挖掘一些古城本身具有的獨特防災體系和抗災功能，充分發(fā)揮其在現(xiàn)代城鄉(xiāng)防災減災中的重要作用。

【相關詞匯】

文化遺產 cultural heritage

文化自然雙重遺產 cultural and natural heritage

文化多樣性 cultural diversity

世界遺產名錄 World Heritage List

申遺 bid for the World Heritage List

文化資源整合 integration of cultural resources