大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程學(xué)生用書 Table Manners and Customs

[00:00.00] Table Manners and Customs [00:04.60]In Geat Britain today [00:08.33]good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed; [00:14.18]not letting any of the food the plate; [00:19.33]using the knife only for cutting; [00:23.38]and not trying to take food across the table. [00:28.63]In other parts of the world there are [00:33.07]also rules for people to follow when they are eating, [00:38.64]but they are not the same as those of Britain. [00:43.39]Indeed,what are considered good table manners in some other countries [00:50.65]are what British people try hardest to avoid. [00:55.59]In Arabia,for instance,the people at a feast [01:01.26]take pieces of food with their fingers [01:06.09]and belch loudly to show they have appreciated it. [01:12.15]The richer and more educated people in the East have, [01:17.90]however,to a great extent taken up the [01:22.76]table manners and customs of Western people. [01:27.72]Tables and chairs have replaced the cushions of the past, [01:34.07]and the lady fo the house presides at one end of the table [01:39.92]in the same way that Western women do. [01:44.46]Many Japanese,however, [01:48.72]still feel it would be wrong to eat unless they sitting on a cushion [01:55.77]before a low table with a tray of food on it. [02:01.03]In many parts of the world both traditional [02:06.38]and Western styles of eating exist side by side. [02:12.55]In the West there are difference [02:17.30]between table manners in various countries, [02:22.24]although they are not so marked. [02:26.29]In North America it is polite to cut meat and then put the knife down, [02:34.04]take the fork in the right hand and eat with it. [02:39.01]Most European people,like the British, [02:44.55]keep the fork in the left hand [02:48.70]and the knife in the right [02:52.25]all the time when they are eating food that has to be cut. [02:57.32]In the British lsles and Scandinavia(Norway,Sweden,Denmark and Iceland) [03:05.86]special knives and forks are used for eating fish. [03:11.43]In France,Belgium and Italy,however, [03:16.78]it is correct to keep the same knife for every course, [03:21.93]wiping it on a piece of bread. [03:25.77]Drinking customs at table also vary in different countries. [03:32.19]In Europe,water,wine or beer is drunk with meals [03:38.83]and coffee or tea is taken afterwards. [03:43.79]In North America a beverage such as coffee, [03:49.22]tea or milk is drunk with meals. [03:54.48]Table manners of course have changed with time. [03:59.31]The earliest meals were also the simplest. [04:04.17]They were eaten sitting on the ground round a fire, [04:09.84]and everyone took his food from a pot on the fire [04:15.48]or cut bits from the animal or bird that had been cooked. [04:21.72]The women waited on the warriors and afterwards ate what they left. [04:28.67]Fingers were used to eat food throughout the middle ages. [04:34.52]Food was eaten off wooden dishes with the noblemen [04:40.37]sitting above a large salt cellar called simply"the salt". [04:46.93]The ordinary people sat below the salt. [04:51.76]In the reign of Henry VIII(1509-1547), [04:58.81]people were still eating with their hands after cutting the food [05:04.67]with a clasp knife which was always carried at the belt. [05:10.23]Forks were not used in England until the 17th century. [05:16.19]Table manners did not always include quiet behavior. [05:21.83]Quarrels often took place at table, [05:26.30]and in the 17th century King Louis XIV of France [05:32.64]ordered that all knives should have rounded ends [05:38.18]to prevent prople from stabbing each other while they were eating.

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