國(guó)家地理:融化的北極正使一場(chǎng)新的冷戰(zhàn)升溫(11)

Russians depend heavily on extracted resources, Markowitz explained. They view the Arctic "as their strategic future resource base."

馬科威茨解釋說(shuō)，俄羅斯人很依賴開(kāi)采出的資源。他們把北極當(dāng)作他們的未來(lái)戰(zhàn)略儲(chǔ)備基地。

According to Yun Sun, a senior fellow at the Stimson Center, in Washington, D.C., Chinese expansion into the Arctic follows a similar resource-focused strategy, not a territorial one. Beyond its investments in Russian oil and gas ventures, she said, China is specifically interested in gaining access to new sea-lanes that could reduce transit times between Asian ports and European markets by as much as two weeks.

華盛頓史汀生中心的一位名叫孫云的高級(jí)職員稱(chēng)，中國(guó)往北極發(fā)展的計(jì)劃之后，緊隨著一個(gè)相似的以資源為中心的戰(zhàn)略，而不是以領(lǐng)土為中心。她還表示，除了對(duì)俄羅斯石油和天然氣的投資之外，中國(guó)格外想獲得從亞洲港口到歐洲市場(chǎng)的新的航線，從而把運(yùn)輸時(shí)間縮短兩周。

Last January the Chinese government published a white paper that outlined its northern intentions. In it, China described itself as a "near-Arctic state" that hoped to collaborate with other nations to build a "Polar Silk Road" dedicated to commerce and research. "It's something to watch carefully," Sun said. "I will give you the literal translation of what the Chinese said to me: 'We know that we don't have claims in the Arctic, but if there's anything in the Arctic that we can get, we don't want to be left out.' "

去年一月中國(guó)政府發(fā)布了白皮書(shū)，總結(jié)了對(duì)北極的計(jì)劃。其中，中國(guó)把自己描述成一個(gè)渴望與其他國(guó)家合作建起一條專(zhuān)注商業(yè)和研究的北極絲綢之路的近北極國(guó)家。孫云表示：“這點(diǎn)很值得注意。我告訴你中國(guó)人的說(shuō)法：‘我們知道自己無(wú)法在北極獲利，但如果有些東西是我們可以從北極得到的，我們并不想被排除在外’”。

During my travels along the new frontier, Cold War analogies always fell flat. Easier to grasp was the Arctic's overall absence from the North American mind. Over decades the U.S. and Canada had never bothered to develop their northern territories or invest in their people. Even Pompeo's speech, with language of opportunity and marketplaces, felt more like a warning than a plan -- the protest of a player arriving late to the game.

在我的旅程中，我意識(shí)到冷戰(zhàn)一說(shuō)完全是無(wú)稽之談。首先北美人的腦子里根本沒(méi)有北極什么事。數(shù)十年來(lái)，美國(guó)和加拿大從來(lái)沒(méi)想過(guò)要擴(kuò)張北方的領(lǐng)土或是給那里投資。甚至在蓬佩奧的演講中，他提到的機(jī)會(huì)和市場(chǎng)等詞，讓人感覺(jué)更像是警告而不是計(jì)劃--畢竟玩家的抗議總是來(lái)得比較晚。

This attitude is often insulting, even painful, to the Arctic's indigenous people, especially because such promises of opportunity have nearly always excluded them. Joe Savikataaq, the premier of Canada's Nunavut Territory, echoed Marvin Atqittuq when he told me the Inuit had been left out of plans for the new Arctic. "We're happy and proud to be part of Canada," he said, "but we feel like the poor brother that gets scraps."

這種態(tài)度對(duì)于北極的本地人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是羞辱甚至讓他們感到痛苦，特別是這么多的關(guān)于機(jī)會(huì)的許諾都把他們排除在外。喬·薩維卡塔克，加拿大努勒維特地區(qū)的總理，重復(fù)了馬爾文·阿提庫(kù)的關(guān)于因紐特人被排除在外的觀點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)：“我們很高興也很自豪自己是加拿大的一部分。 但是感覺(jué)我們就像是他們只分得到殘羹冷炙的可憐的兄弟?！?/p>