關(guān)稅(a tariff)是政府征稅,以此來控制跨境(across borders)進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。當(dāng)你在國際進(jìn)出口(importing and exporting goods)貿(mào)易中分析某交易的利潤(make money on a deal)時(shí),關(guān)稅是不可忽略的重要因素。
關(guān)稅的定義
關(guān)稅是世界各國普遍征收的一種專門稅(specialized tax),是海關(guān)在國家授權(quán)下(mandated by)對(duì)進(jìn)出境的貨物征收的一種稅,對(duì)于保護(hù)民族產(chǎn)業(yè)、維護(hù)市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定和國家稅收都有重要意義。關(guān)稅對(duì)國際貿(mào)易有極其重要的影響,是世界貨物流通(flow of goods around the globe)的晴雨表。
⊙Tariffs are all about politics.關(guān)稅的所有意義來自政治。
⊙The tariffs help to raise funds for a government.關(guān)稅有助于增加政府資金。
⊙The free trade agreement helps to bring down the cost of importing certain items from certain countries.
自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定有助于降低從一些國家進(jìn)口某些貨物的費(fèi)用。
征收方法
征收關(guān)稅最基本的兩種方法是:從量稅(specific tariffs)和從價(jià)稅(ad valorem tariffs)。從量稅指以征稅貨物的數(shù)量、重量、容量、面積、體積或長度等為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),每一單位保證一定金額的稅收。從量稅不受產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的影響,只與征收對(duì)象的數(shù)量有關(guān)。啤酒、原油、膠卷等少量商品需要交從量稅。從價(jià)稅是按商品的價(jià)格為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)征的關(guān)稅,其稅率表現(xiàn)為貨物價(jià)格的一定百分率(percentage of the value)。商品價(jià)格上漲時(shí),關(guān)稅隨之上漲。中國通常都采用從價(jià)稅來征收進(jìn)出口貨物關(guān)稅。
⊙The tariff we pay on these items is a specific tariff.我們?cè)谶@些貨物上支付的是從量稅。
⊙The ad valorem tariff is fine as long as the percentage isn't too high.只要征收的百分比不是很高,從價(jià)稅也還行。
⊙If we want to export to New Zealand, we'd better look up the tariff regulations.如果我們想出口到新西蘭,那我們最好查詢關(guān)稅的規(guī)定。
⊙It's too costly to import these items.進(jìn)口這些貨物成本太高了。
⊙How much will we have to pay in tariffs on our imports?我們這批進(jìn)口商品要支付多少關(guān)稅?
⊙Luckily, these items are duty free.很幸運(yùn),這些商品都免稅。
⊙We could make more money on the deal if it weren't for the outrageous taxes we have to pay.
要不是必須支付這些聳人聽聞的費(fèi)用,我們就能掙更多的錢。
⊙Did you figure in the cost of the tariffs we'll have to pay?你有沒有算上我們要支付的關(guān)稅?
⊙Are we a country with favorable trading status?我們國家處于有利的貿(mào)易地位嗎?
國家征收關(guān)稅的意義
如上所述,關(guān)稅是國家財(cái)政的重要來源之一。由于各國的生產(chǎn)力水平和資源條件不同,商品的價(jià)值也表現(xiàn)出很大差異。政府通過關(guān)稅保護(hù)民族產(chǎn)業(yè),使進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格高出自身品牌價(jià)值或使之保持一致,也通過禁止性關(guān)稅(prohibitive tariffs),使某種進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品徹底喪失競爭力。由于關(guān)稅的重要性,各國都對(duì)它控制得很嚴(yán)格,逃稅將面對(duì)很大的法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(risk of legal problems)。
⊙Be careful to do business legally.If we get caught importing goods without declaring them to pay tariff, then there are some very hefty fines.
我們必須要慎重,要合法經(jīng)營。如果我們進(jìn)口時(shí)因?yàn)闆]有申報(bào)貨物付關(guān)稅被抓住,就得交高額的罰金。
⊙We can't compete with domestic manufacturers.They don't have to pay tariffs.
我們沒法和國內(nèi)制造商競爭,他們不用付關(guān)稅。
美國對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收的關(guān)稅
如果你想了解美國如何征收進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅,首先應(yīng)當(dāng)通過在線數(shù)據(jù)尋找產(chǎn)品所對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)稅編碼(Harmonized System or Schedule B number),這是各個(gè)國家都認(rèn)識(shí)的統(tǒng)一語言。其次,你應(yīng)當(dāng)通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)免費(fèi)查詢美國協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)稅表(U.S.Harmonized Tariff Schedule)。在表格的右邊部分包括幾大類,如動(dòng)物、礦產(chǎn)、化學(xué)品等,產(chǎn)品名稱在左邊,右邊顯示費(fèi)率。上面顯示的價(jià)格是產(chǎn)品價(jià)值每1000美元的關(guān)稅標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。美國一些地方也有用從量法征收關(guān)稅的。
總結(jié)
關(guān)稅無論對(duì)進(jìn)出口商還是國家都有著非常重要的意義。對(duì)國家而言,除經(jīng)濟(jì)利益外,關(guān)稅能起到保護(hù)民族產(chǎn)品、穩(wěn)定市場(chǎng)、協(xié)調(diào)國與國關(guān)系的作用;對(duì)于進(jìn)出口商而言,關(guān)稅是在法律義務(wù)下必須承擔(dān)的義務(wù),也是為國家發(fā)展必須承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。逃避關(guān)稅就是走私,將面臨法律的懲處,這個(gè)錢可省不得。
Words 單詞表
cheaply便宜的,廉價(jià)的
compete競爭,比賽,對(duì)抗
costly昂貴的,值錢的
deal交易,經(jīng)營,處理
declare申報(bào),聲明
demand需求,要求
hefty有力的,大幅的
item項(xiàng)目,事項(xiàng)
luckily幸運(yùn)地,幸好地
mostly大多的,大部分的
outrageous豈有此理,可恥的
particular特別的,特殊的
politics政治,政策
regulation條例,規(guī)則,章程
require要求,命令,需求
shipment裝運(yùn),裝船
tariff關(guān)稅
tax稅
Phrases 短語表
a way around the system系統(tǒng)外的辦法
as long as只要
ad valorem tariff從價(jià)關(guān)稅,從價(jià)稅
domestic manufacturer國內(nèi)廠商
duty free免稅
end up最終,告終,結(jié)果是
favorable trading status有利的貿(mào)易地位
figure in(an expense)算入(花費(fèi))
home-field advantage主場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)
make money掙錢
pay by percentage按比例支付
pay a small fortune支付一小筆款項(xiàng)
set up設(shè)置,設(shè)立,開創(chuàng),建立
ten-fold十倍
be off scot-free逍遙法外
實(shí)景對(duì)話1
A:The question we should be asking ourselves is, can we make money on this deal?
B:I don't see why not……There is a high demand in the market for the products we want to export. We have them available cheaply.We can export them to the New Zealand market and sell them for ten-fold what it costs.
A:You're forgetting a very important detail. Did you figure in the cost of thetariffs we'll have to pay?If we want to export to New Zealand, we'd better look up the tariff regulations.We may find that it's too costly to export these items.
B:Oh……How much will we have to pay in tariffs on our exports?It can't be that much.
A:Depending on the item it can be as much as 90%of the value.
B:Well……We could make more money on the deal if it weren't for the outrageous taxes we have to pay. What if we just found a way around the system?I mean, we can set up a way to ship the goods without declaring them, right?
A:That's a really bad idea. We have to be careful to do business legally.If we get caught exporting goods without declaring them to pay tariff, then there are some very hefty fines.
A:我們需要問自己的一個(gè)問題是:在這項(xiàng)交易上我們能掙到錢嗎?
B:我看不出為什么不能……市場(chǎng)對(duì)我們要出口的商品需求很高。我們定的價(jià)格也便宜,我們可以出口到新西蘭,并且以10倍的價(jià)格出售。
A:你忘記了一個(gè)重要的細(xì)節(jié)。你有沒有算上我們要支付的關(guān)稅?如果我們要賣到新西蘭,我們最好查詢一下關(guān)稅的規(guī)定。我們也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些貨因關(guān)稅過高而無法出口。
B:哦……我們這批出口大概會(huì)支付多少費(fèi)用?不會(huì)那么多的。
A:這要取決于什么商品,有時(shí)可能會(huì)高達(dá)價(jià)值的90%。
B:嗯……如果不是要付這些聳人聽聞的關(guān)稅,我們就能在這項(xiàng)交易上掙更多的錢。那我們尋找一個(gè)繞開這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的途徑怎么樣。我的意思是,設(shè)法避免申報(bào)來運(yùn)送貨物,行嗎?
A:那實(shí)在是一個(gè)很糟糕的主意。我們必須慎重,要合法經(jīng)營。如果我們出口時(shí)因?yàn)闆]有申報(bào)貨物付關(guān)稅被抓住,那就會(huì)交高額的罰金。
實(shí)景對(duì)話2
A:How much are we paying in tariffs for our shipment?
B:Luckily, these items are duty free, so this time we're off Scot-free.
A:Are you serious?How did that happen?Are we a country with favorable trading status?
B:No, it just so happens that the particular items we are shipping this time don't require tariffs. Remember last time?We ended up paying a small fortune in tariffs.
A:Oh, that's right. We had to pay by percentage last time, didn't we?
B:Yes. The ad valorem tariff is fine as long as the percentage isn't too high.
But I remember it was something like 75%. We couldn't compete with domestic manufacturers on that one.They don't have to pay tariffs.
A:That's why they have tariffs, isn't it?To give domestic suppliers the home-field advantage?
B:Yeah. That's part of it.Tariffs also help to raise funds for a government.But mostly, tariffs are all about politics.
A:我們的貨需要支付的關(guān)稅是多少?
B:很幸運(yùn),這些貨物都是免稅的,所以這次我們就可以“逍遙法外”了。
A:你當(dāng)真嗎?怎么會(huì)是這樣?我們國家享有優(yōu)惠的貿(mào)易地位嗎?
B:不是。我們這次運(yùn)的貨不在征稅之列,事情就這樣。記得上次嗎?我們還不是付了一筆稅。
A:哦,對(duì),我們上次按百分比付了稅。
B:是的,只要百分比不高,從價(jià)關(guān)稅也還好。我記得好像是75%。我們不能和國內(nèi)廠商就此競爭。他們不需要付關(guān)稅。
A:那關(guān)稅就是為此而存在的,不是嗎?給國內(nèi)的供貨商以“主場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)”。
B:是的,這是一部分原因。關(guān)稅也有助于增加政府資金。但關(guān)稅的大部分意義還是在政治上。
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