https://online2.tingclass.net/lesson/shi0529/0009/9237/65.mp3
https://image.tingclass.net/statics/js/2012
語(yǔ)調(diào)(intonation),即說(shuō)話的腔調(diào),就是一句話里聲調(diào)(pitch)高低抑揚(yáng)輕重的配制和變化。世界上沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言是用單一的聲調(diào)說(shuō)出的,以英語(yǔ)為例,英語(yǔ)有五種基本語(yǔ)調(diào):升調(diào)(↗)、降調(diào)(↙)、升降調(diào)(∧)、降升調(diào)(∨)以及平調(diào)(→)。一句話除了詞匯意義(lexical meaning)還有語(yǔ)調(diào)意義(intonation meaning)。所謂詞匯意義就是話中所用詞的意義,而語(yǔ)調(diào)意義就是說(shuō)話人用語(yǔ)調(diào)所表示的態(tài)度或口氣。一句話的詞匯意義加上語(yǔ)調(diào)意義才算是完全的意義。同樣的句子,語(yǔ)調(diào)不同,意思就會(huì)不同,有時(shí)甚至?xí)嗖钋Ю?。?qǐng)看下例:
A: Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B: Sorry?(↗)
Jean用升調(diào)說(shuō)Sorry,其意思是"I didn't hear you. Could you say that again, please?"
A: Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B: Sorry.(↙)
Jean用降調(diào)說(shuō)Sorry,顯然其意思是拒絕幫助或無(wú)能為力。
可見(jiàn),如果對(duì)語(yǔ)調(diào)知識(shí)缺乏了解,就會(huì)無(wú)法確定說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度、感情、口吻、意圖等,所以今天我們就來(lái)對(duì)語(yǔ)調(diào)問(wèn)題做個(gè)說(shuō)明吧。
一、一句話中音調(diào)的相對(duì)高度所包含的意義
眾所周知,人們?cè)谂d奮、驚訝或感情激動(dòng)時(shí)說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)調(diào)就高,而在相反的情況下,語(yǔ)調(diào)則低。因此,在同一個(gè)場(chǎng)合中,如果一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)調(diào)明顯高于另一個(gè),或明顯低于另一個(gè),以此就可以推斷出該說(shuō)話人的意思及態(tài)度。
這里我們要著重談?wù)勔痪湓捴姓Z(yǔ)調(diào)相對(duì)高度的不同所包含的意義。一句話中的語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰一般都是句子的重音所在,通過(guò)語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰,我們就可以了解說(shuō)話人的意思。如人們讀"I live in the city."這句話時(shí),由于強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象不同,語(yǔ)調(diào)也就隨之發(fā)生了變化。我們不妨來(lái)做一下比較:
I(↗)live in the city.(隱含著在場(chǎng)的其他人不住在城里的意思)
I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隱含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)
I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里邊”,其隱含的意思是“我不住在城外”)
搞懂上面的例子,以下對(duì)話就馬上可以明白了:
M: Linda looked very tired these days.
W: She looked OK to me(↗).
Q: What does the woman think of Linda?
(A) She saw Linda and me.
(B) Linda said she was fine.
(C) She looked up the word for me.
(D) She considered Linda was all right.