英語語法：洪恩語法之句子的種類詳解

13. 句子的種類

(一)按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。

1) 陳述句(Declarative Sentences)：說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。

Light travels faster than sound.　光比聲速度快?！　?說明事實(shí))

The film is rather boring.　這部電影很乏味。

(說明看法)

2) 疑問句(Interrogative Sentences)：提出問題。有以下四種：

a.　一般疑問句(General Questions)：

Can you finish the work in time?

你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎?

b.　特殊疑問句(W Questions; H Questions)：

Where do you live?　你住那兒?

How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?

c.　選擇疑問句(Alternative Questions)：

Do you want tea or coffee?

你是要茶還是要咖啡?

d.　反意疑問句(Tag-Questions)：

He doesn't know her, does he?

他不認(rèn)識(shí)她，對(duì)不對(duì)?

3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences)：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如：

Sit down, please.　請(qǐng)坐。

Don't be nervous!　別緊張!

4) 感嘆句(Exclamatory Sentences)：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：

What good news it is!　多好的消息啊!

(二)句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：

1) 簡單句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句，例如：

She is fond of collecting stamps.　 她喜歡集郵。

(主)　 (謂)

2) 并列句(Compound Sentences)：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號(hào)來連接，例如：

The food was good, but he had little appetite.

(主)　　 (謂)　　　　　 (主)(謂)

食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。

3) 復(fù)合句(Complex Sentences)：包含一個(gè)主句從句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，例如：

The film had begun when we got to the cinema.

主句　　　　　　 從句

我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。

(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的：

1)主 + 動(dòng)(SV)例如：

I work.　我工作。

2)主 + 動(dòng) + 表(SVP)例如：

John is busy.　約翰忙。

3)主 + 動(dòng) + 賓(SVO)例如：

She studies English.　她學(xué)英語。

4)主 + 動(dòng) + 賓 + 補(bǔ)(SVOC)例如：

Time would prove me right. 時(shí)間會(huì)證明我是對(duì)的。

5)主 + 動(dòng) + 間賓 + 直賓(SVOiOd)例如：

My mother made me a new dress.　我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。

13.1 祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)

祈使句用以表達(dá)命令，要求，請(qǐng)求，勸告等。

1) 祈使句有兩種類型，一種是以動(dòng)詞原形開頭，在動(dòng)詞原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人稱主語的句子)。

Take this seat.

Do be careful.

否定結(jié)構(gòu)：

Don't move.

Don't be late.

2) 第二種祈使句以let開頭。

Let 的反意疑問句

a. Let's 包括說話者

Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we?

= Shall we have another try?

b.　Let us 不包括說話者

Let us have another try，will you / won't you?

= Will you please let us have another try?

否定結(jié)構(gòu)：

Let's not talk of that matter.

Let us not talk of that matter.

13.2 感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)

感嘆句通常有what, how引導(dǎo)，表示贊美、驚嘆、喜 悅、等感情。

what修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞，感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下幾種：

掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感嘆句的重點(diǎn)。

How +形容詞+ a +名詞+　　　　　　　陳述語序

How+形容詞或副詞+　　　　　　　　　陳述語序

What +名詞+　　　　　　　　　　　　陳述語序

What+a+形容詞+名詞+　　　　　　　　陳述語序

What+ 形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+　　　　　　 陳述語序

What+ 形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+　　　　　 陳述語序

How clever a boy he is!

How lovely the baby is!

What noise they are making!

What a clever boy he is!

What wonderful ideas (we have)!

What cold weather it is!

感嘆句的省略形式為：

What a clever boy (he is)!

典型例題

1)___ food you've cooked!

A. How a nice　　B. What a nice　　C. How nice　 D. What nice

答案D. 由于How 修飾形容詞，副詞;what修飾名詞。且food為不可數(shù)名詞，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名詞，因此只有D正確，其句型為What + adj. +n. (不可數(shù))

2)___terrible weather we've been having these days!

A. What　 B. What a　　C. How　 D. How a

答案A. weather為不可數(shù)名詞，B，D排除。C為how + adj. 后面不應(yīng)有名詞。只有A，符合句型What +形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞。

3) --- _____ I had!

--- You really suffered a lot.

A. What a time　　B. What time　　 C. How a time　　 D. how time

答案A.　感嘆句分兩類：

1：What + n.+主謂部分

2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主謂部分。本題屬第一種，但省略了bad，相對(duì)于 What a bad time I had! 這是個(gè)習(xí)慣用語。

13.3 強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)

?？嫉膹?qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)是it 引導(dǎo)的句子。

It is (was) 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。

此結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分僅限于主語，賓語和狀語。

It is from the sun that we get light and heat.

It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.

典型例題

1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.

A.　the time　B.　when　 C.　that　　D.　which

答案C. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是： It +be +強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that (who) + 主謂句?！?qiáng)調(diào)句的連詞只有兩個(gè)，that和who。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人，且為句子的主語時(shí)，才用 "who"，其余用that。

原句：　My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

強(qiáng)調(diào)主語： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)

強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.

A. that　B. when　 C. since　 D. as

答案C. 考點(diǎn)是連詞用法。 本題易誤選為A. that. 其實(shí)本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。若是，去掉It　 be… that還應(yīng)是一個(gè)完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。

It is /was +時(shí)間+ since…　其中is<---> has been　 was <---> had been.

13.4 用助動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)

強(qiáng)調(diào)句還有一種類型，就是用助動(dòng)詞do (did，does) 強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語。

She does like this horse.　她的確喜歡這匹馬。

Please do take care of yourself. 千萬保重。

13.5 反意疑問句

1)　陳述部分的主語是I，疑問部分要用 aren't I.

I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?

2)　陳述部分的謂語是wish，疑問部分要用may +主語。

I wish to have a word with you, may I?

3)　陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含義的詞時(shí)，疑問部分用肯定含義。

The Swede made no answer, did he / she?

Some plants never blown (開花), do they ?

4)　含有ought to 的反意疑問句，陳述部分是肯定的，疑問部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主語。

He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?

5)　陳述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑問部分常用don't +主語(didn't +主語)。

We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

6)　陳述部分的謂語是used to 時(shí)，疑問部分用didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語。

He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?

7)　陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadn't you?

You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?

8)　陳述部分有would rather +v.，疑問部分多用 wouldn't +主語。

He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?

9)　陳述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑問部分用wouldn't +主語。

You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

10) 陳述部分有must 的疑問句，疑問部分根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。

He must be a doctor, isn't he?

You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?

He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?

11) 感嘆句中，疑問部分用be +主語。

What colours, aren't they?

What a smell, isn't it?

12)　陳述部分由neither… nor, either… or 連接的并列主語時(shí)，疑問部分根據(jù)其實(shí)際邏輯意義而定。

Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?

13)　陳述部分主語是指示代詞或不定代詞everything, that, nothing, this, 疑問部分主語用it。

Everything is ready, isn't it?

14)　 陳述部分為主語從句或并列復(fù)合句，疑問部分有三種情況：

a. 并列復(fù)合句疑問部分，謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定。

Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?

b. 帶有定語從句，賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句，疑問部分謂語根據(jù)主句的謂語而定：

He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?

He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

c. 上述部分主句謂語是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引導(dǎo)的定語從句，疑問部分與賓語從句相對(duì)應(yīng)構(gòu)成反意疑問句。

I don't think he is bright, is he?

We believe she can do it better, can't she?

15) 陳述部分主語是不定代詞everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑問部分常用復(fù)數(shù)they，有時(shí)也用單數(shù)he。

Everyone knows the answer, don't they?　(does he?)

Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)

16) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare或need的反意疑問句，疑問部分常用 need (dare ) +主語。

We need not do it again, need we ?

He dare not say so, dare you?

當(dāng)dare, need 為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，疑問部分用助動(dòng)詞do + 主語。

She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

17)　省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will you。

Don't do that again, will you?

Go with me, will you / won't you ?

注意： Let's 開頭的祈使句，后用shall we?

Let us 開頭的祈使句，后用will you?

Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?

Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

18)　陳述部分是"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問部分用there省略主語代詞。

There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?

There will not be any trouble, will there?

19)　否定前綴不能視為否定詞，其反意疑問句仍用否定形式。

It is impossible, isn't it?

He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

20)　must在表"推測(cè)"時(shí)，根據(jù)其推測(cè)的情況來確定反意疑問句。

He must be there now, isn't he?

It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?

快速記憶表

陳述部分的謂語　　　　　 疑問部分

I　　　　　　　　　 aren't I

Wish　　　　　　　　　may +主語

no,nothing,nobody,never,

few, seldom, hardly,　　　　 肯定含義

rarely, little等否定

含義的詞

ought to(肯定的)　　　 shouldn't/ oughtn't +主語

have to+v.(had to+v.)　　don't +主語(didn't +主語)

used to　　　　　　　 didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語

had better + v.　　　　　hadn't you

would rather + v.　　　　wouldn't +主語

you'd like to + v.　　　 wouldn't +主語

must　　　　　　　　　　 根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定

感嘆句中　　　　　　　　 be +主語

Neither…nor,

either…or 連接的根　　 據(jù)其實(shí)際邏輯意義而定

并列主語

指示代詞或不定代詞

everything,that,　　　　　　主語用it

nothing,this

并列復(fù)合句　　　　　　　謂語根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定

定語從句,賓語從句的

主從復(fù)合句　　　　　　　根據(jù)主句的謂語而定

think,believe,expect,

suppose,imagine等引導(dǎo)　 與賓語從句相對(duì)應(yīng)的從句

everybody,anyone,

somebody,nobody,no one　　復(fù)數(shù)they, 單數(shù)he

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare或need　　　 need (dare ) +主語

dare, need 為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞　　　　 do +主語

省去主語的祈使句　　　　 will you?

Let's 開頭的祈使句　　　 Shall we?

Let us 開頭的祈使句　　　Will you?

there be　　　相應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞+there(省略主語代詞)

否定前綴不能視為否定詞　　　 仍用否定形式

must表"推測(cè)"　　　根據(jù)其推測(cè)的情況來確定反意疑問句