百科知識視頻之煎蛋小學堂58 小心！這視頻會讓你頭痛！

Please,put on your headphones.I promise there won't be any loud sounds,but this video is going to hurt.There's study about hyper sounds and how they cause headaches.These sounds are too high-pitch to hear like the one added to this video,playing right now,But cause headaches,they still do.The hyper sound in your headphones is pressing on your inner ears,stressing the nerves,leading to your brain,where if the headache hasn't started already,it's soon will,As the exposure causes headaches after only 10 seconds.

請把你的耳機戴上，我保證沒有太響的聲音，但這個視頻會讓你難受，有一項關(guān)于超聲及其引發(fā)頭痛的研究，這種聲音頻率太高，人聽不到 就像添加到本視頻中，正在放的這個，但仍會造成頭痛，耳機中的超聲壓迫著你的內(nèi)耳，讓神經(jīng)緊繃，傳至你的大腦，而如果現(xiàn)在還沒頭痛，等會就會了，聽到這種聲音10秒鐘就能造成頭痛。

Oh,my!Can you feel it?That pressure in your ears spreading to your now throbbing brain? Because... You shouldn't.This study is made up,and there's no hyper sound in the audio.But some of you will have begun to feel a headache.Why?The Nocebo Effect.A nocebo is harmless thing,like a video with non-existent hyper sound.that causes harm like a headache because you belive it's harmful.

我勒個去 感覺到了嗎?你耳內(nèi)的壓力正擴散到了，隱隱作痛的大腦?因為 不會的啦。這項研究是虛構(gòu)的，視頻中也沒有超聲，但是一部分人仍開始感到頭痛。為什么呢?因為“反安慰劑效應(yīng)”反安慰是無害的，如根本沒有超聲的視頻，它會對人造成傷害，如頭痛 因為你相信它有害。

That sounds like Voodoo but there's real science behind the Nocebo Effect,which is more than an irritating parlor trick,it causes real problems,like in medicine.When testing a new drug doctors get a group of sick people give half of them the new drug and give the other half a fake pill that does nothing.But which they're told is real.This is how science finds the stuff that works amongst the junk that doesn't.

聽上去像是巫毒娃娃，但反安慰劑效應(yīng)背后是實打?qū)嵉目茖W，這遠非房間里刺激人的小把戲，它會造成實際問題 比如醫(yī)學方面，測試新藥時，醫(yī)生會召集一群病人，讓一半人服用藥物 另一半人服用無效的藥片，而他們被告知用的是真藥，這就是科學辨別真材襯料的方法。

But new drugs have side effects,and sometimes patients drop out of the experiment because of them.No surprise there,But some people on the fake also drop out from the side effects,Side effects they've gotten from a drug they aren't taking.but because they think they're on the real thing.They've also thought themselves into the side effects.

但新藥也有副作用，有時病人出因為它們放棄實驗，沒什么奇怪的，但有時拿到“假藥”的人也因為這些副作用放棄實驗，副作用來源于他們沒有服用的藥物，但由于他們認為自己用藥了，他們也覺得自己身上產(chǎn)生了副作用。

Now maybe this is just a case of misattribution:people get headaches and if they're joined a drug trial that lists headaches in the side effects,it's natural to blame the new drug,and that certainly happens to some extent.But the Nocebo Effect is more than just misattribution,It causes real,additional harm that scientists can measure in cruel,cruel experiments,and this is one of the reasons there not an over abundance of research on nocoboes.Approach your friendly neighborhood ethics board with an experiment designed to hurt people and they'll frown on that.

這可能是一個張冠李戴的事件：人們頭痛了 而如果他們參加了有導(dǎo)致頭疼副作用的藥物試驗，將其歸咎新藥也很自然，有時也的確會發(fā)生，而反安慰劑實驗遠不只是錯誤的認知，在反人類實驗中，科學家能發(fā)現(xiàn)它帶來的真實傷害，這也是反安慰劑效應(yīng)研究相對較少的原因之一，把一個可能傷到人的實驗遞交給鄰居們的倫理委員會審查，他們一定會皺眉頭。

But sometimes nocebo experiments do get approved to the benefit of science and humanity,if not the participants.For example,under the right conditions some people who expect a harmless injection.will give them a rash will get a rash,but for people who expect nothing to happen,nothing is exactly what happens.And fake pills can be additive:take test subjects off pills they believe are addictive.and some will experience nocebic withdrawal symptoms like pain and fatigue from the pills that they could never have been addicted to in the first place.

但有時出于科學和人性的考慮，反安慰劑實驗也會被準許，參與者另當別論，比如，在合適條件下，一群認為注射的無害試劑，會引發(fā)皮疹的人真的起了皮疹，但認為相安無事的人，的確什么也沒發(fā)生，假藥也會產(chǎn)生依賴性，取走被試者認為上癮的藥片后，一些人會產(chǎn)生反安慰劑后遺癥，如疼痛和疲勞，這是由他們從不可能上癮的藥物產(chǎn)生的。

Another experiment gave people harmless injections,told half of them to just sit there and told the other half that their pain would increase for the next thirty minutes-which it did.But in this situation there is a drug that can block the Nocebo Effect.and those who were told the injection would hurt,but were also secretly given an nocebo-blocking drug did not report an increase in pain.showing that the Necebo Effect is real,physical process.

另一個實驗中，人們接受了無害注射，一半人被要求靜坐 另一半人被告知他們的疼痛會在30分鐘內(nèi)持續(xù)加重，很多人的確會，但這種情況中 還有一種藥物可以阻斷反安慰劑效應(yīng)，那些被告知注射會引發(fā)疼痛，但被秘密注射了阻隔反安慰藥物的人未報告疼痛加重，這表明反安慰劑效應(yīng)是真實存在的過程。

In all these nocebo experiments it's the belief in harm that matters.If someone dressed as a voodoo witch doctor popped up and hexed you with a curse of great pain,no effect.But,in a room with a real doctor and his clipboard and a big science machine and a needle in your arm,you'll take his words rather more seriously.Which is why doctors say"This won't hurt a bit"rather than"Oh this? It's going to hurt.Like A LOT."which,by the way,was a real experiment done on women undergoing labor during spinal injections.Guess how that turned out?

這些實驗中最重要的是對其危害的深信不疑，如果一名裝扮成巫毒娃娃的醫(yī)生跳出來，詛咒你將經(jīng)受莫大的痛苦無效。但在一個房間內(nèi)，真實的醫(yī)生拿著記錄版，巨大的儀器。手上也插著針頭，你一定會仔細考慮醫(yī)生的話，這也是醫(yī)生為什么說“這一點都不疼”而不是“哦這貨 會疼的 疼得要命啊”而這也是孕婦接受脊髓注射生產(chǎn)時做過的真實實驗，猜猜結(jié)果如何?

But nocebos don't end here.While illnesses like the flu,spread from contact with disgusting,germ-infected humans and the things they touch with their,disgusting germy hands,a nocebo spreads from mind to mind,no contact required.A notable example happened in a Tennessee high school.One teacher reported a strange smell in her classroom.and developed symptoms of headache nausea,and difficulty breathing.These symptoms spread to some of her students and from them to others in the school.Almost two hundred people ended up at the local hospital.but all medical tests came back with nothing,nor was anything harmful found at the school.

反安慰劑還有話可說，流感等病毒通過與感染患者接觸，以及帖他們沾滿病菌的雙手，觸摸過的東西向外傳播，反安慰劑通過人的意識傳播，不用著接觸，四納西高中曾發(fā)生過一起著名的案例。一位老師稱教室里有奇怪的味道，并產(chǎn)生了頭疼惡心，呼吸困難的癥狀，這些癥狀傳播到了一些學生，又由他們到了學校內(nèi)其他人，大學兩百人住進了當?shù)蒯t(yī)院，但是所有的化驗都未顯異常，校內(nèi)也沒發(fā)現(xiàn)任何有害物質(zhì)。

This was a nocebo,the belief that the air was making them sick,spread from mind to mind.Everyone who got sick heard about the symptoms from someone else.When this happens,it's called mass psychogenic illness.The treatment in these cases is to separate those with symptoms from the rest,and reassure the ill that yes,their symptoms are real,but no they haven't been exposed to anything toxic,and yes people are getting better quickly.

這就是反安慰劑 空氣讓人難受的觀念在人的意識間傳播。每個患者都從別人口中聽說了這些癥狀，當此情況發(fā)生時，人們稱之為“集體心因性疾病”，對此的治療方法是，將出現(xiàn)癥狀的人與他人隔離，確認癥狀的存在，這些癥狀是真實的，否認他們曾接觸過致病物，并確認他們很快會康復(fù)。

This last is one of the indicators that separates a real poison gas leak or biological weapon from mass psychogenic illness.But the final factor,number of cases increasing with greater media coverage,can lead to this kind of thing spreading far and wide.Take,electrosensitives.people who get nausea-among other things from exposure to parts of the electromagnetic spectrum,notably WiFi the density of which is increasing over time.forcing particularly bad sufferers to retreat to places like the creepy-sounding radio silence zone in,where else,West Virginia.

最后是區(qū)分有毒氣體泄漏，生休襲擊和群體心因性疾病的標志之一。而最后一個因素，案例隨著媒體廣泛報道而增加，會導(dǎo)致這種情況大規(guī)模擴散。比如 電敏感，一些人暴露在部分波長的電磁波內(nèi)會產(chǎn)生惡心等其他癥狀，最有名的是WiFi 其密度會隨著時間增加，迫使重癥患者躲到像西弗吉尼亞的無線電靜默區(qū)這類地方。

But put electrosensitives in a room with a WiFi router and they can't actually tell via their symptoms if it's on or off.Instead their symptoms track with being told if it's on or off.And if you make a group of people without elecctrosensitivity watch a news report on,how Wifi makes you ill while another group watches something uninformative and afterward expose both groups to a fake Wifi signal only those who watched the news report feel sick.

不過 把電敏感者帶到有WiFi路由器的屋子里，他們也沒法憑癥狀判斷路由器是否開啟，而其癥狀也和被告知的開啟狀態(tài)保持一致。如果你召集一群沒有電敏感癥的人看一則WiFi致病的新聞 而另一組看一則無內(nèi)涵的新聞，之后將兩組成員暴露在假WiFi信號下，只有看效新聞的人會感到不適。

There's a similar phenomenon called "wind farm disease"with similar side effects,Which turns up where it's been talked about on the lacal news,but not in other places in the same country with the same wind farms where it isn't.All this makes it too easy to mock people for thinking they're getting sick from WiFi or Wind farms or Wind farms with WiFi,but it's important to realize they're not crazy.The side effects are real,they're just wrong about the source:all evidence points to the belief in electronsensitivy as the cause of electrosensitivity.

一種類似現(xiàn)象“風電場癥”也會產(chǎn)生類似的副作用，它在被當?shù)匦侣勌峒暗牡貐^(qū)出現(xiàn)，而同一國家 有著相同風電場，但新聞未提及的地區(qū)不會出現(xiàn)，這也極易讓人去嘲笑那些自認為因WiFi生病的人，或者 風電場 或者有WiFi的風電場，不過要記住 他們沒瘋，這些副作用真的存在，他們只是弄錯了成因，這些證據(jù)說明 相信“電敏感”會造成“電敏感”。

Which means the news reports talking about these illnesses are spreading a kind of mind virus.And while these are exotic examples,there is also evidence that some allergies and asthma cases are nocebic and thus able to be spread in the same way.To be clear:if someone's having an asthma attack.that's not the time to tell them you know they're being a drama llama,because you watched an Internet video about the Necebo Effect.

也就是說，談?wù)撨@些病癥的新聞也是在傳播意識疾病，盡管這些都是外因 也有證據(jù)表明，一些過敏和哮喘的案例同具反安慰劑性 并會通過同樣的方式傳播，說清楚了，如果有人哮喘發(fā)作，這不是說“草泥馬 特么又來玩這套”的時候，就憑著你看過的一個關(guān)于“反安慰劑效應(yīng)”的視頻。

They're really having an asthma attack and they really need something to make it stop and that's really not you showing off your knowledge.Harmful things aren't harmful just because we believe they are.The right does of arsenic will kill you as surely as an anvil to the head.no matter your insistence otherwise.But the Nocebo Effect does show that our beliefs about otherwise harmless things can make them harmful.Which means that our voodoo doctor's hex from before really could work.but only if you were foolish enough to believe him.

他們真的犯哮喘了，正迫切需要什么來緩解癥狀，這絕對不是炫耀你習得一身姿勢的時候，有害事物不只因為我們認為危險而有害，適量的砷和砧骨中彩一樣會滅了你，這和你堅持認為的無關(guān)。而反安慰劑效應(yīng)的確也先說明了，我們對無害事物的觀念也能使其有害，這也是說，前面提及的巫毒醫(yī)生的詛咒也能成真，但你得傻得有相信他。