英語(yǔ)視頻暢談歐美人文風(fēng)情08：外國(guó)人眼中的至圣先師孔子

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　　Confucius was a Chinese philosopher of the Zhou dynasty, whose teachings of moral, social, political, and philosophical behavior and theory would later become the foundation of a system known as Confucianism.

　　孔子是中國(guó)周朝的一位思想家，他在道德、社會(huì)、政治、及哲學(xué)行為與理論的教誨，后來(lái)成為一個(gè)被稱做儒家的體系其根基。

　　The teachings of Confucius was studied and written about from the time of his death until the founding of the first Chinese empire in 221 B.C. His teachings included humanist towards others, ritual and etiquette, love of parents for their children and of children for their parents. An emphasis was placed on self-cultivation and skilled judgment, rather than a knowledge of rules.

　　孔子的講學(xué)從他辭世到西元前 221 年首個(gè)中國(guó)帝國(guó)建立期間被研究及寫下。他的教誨包括對(duì)他人的仁、儀俗及禮節(jié)、父母對(duì)子女的愛及子女對(duì)父母的愛。重點(diǎn)被放在自身修養(yǎng)和熟練的判斷力，而非對(duì)規(guī)則的了解。

　　His ethical ideals in teachings were also communicated through metaphor, innuendo, and anecdote or story. One of his most well-known teachings is—what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. Confucianism rose to prominence during the Han dynasty around 200 B.C. Many followers practiced his teachings as a religion. However, because it lacks a metaphysical aspect, most consider Confucianism as an influential social philosophy.

　　他教誨中的道德理想也透過(guò)隱喻、諷刺、軼事或故事來(lái)傳遞。其中一個(gè)他最廣為人知的教誨是--己所不欲，勿施于人。儒學(xué)在西元前約 200 年漢代時(shí)始達(dá)興盛。許多追隨者把他的教義當(dāng)作一種宗教來(lái)實(shí)踐。然而，因?yàn)槿鍖W(xué)缺乏一種純哲學(xué)的面向，大多數(shù)人視儒學(xué)為一個(gè)具影響力的社會(huì)學(xué)。

　　Confucius avidly promoted an autocratic social structure. In the years after his death, rulers looked to scholars of Confucianism for assistance in managing their empires and governing their people. Confucianism was appealing to rulers who found that its principles would essentially help society become self-regulating. These principles of behavior and their implementation are thought to have later influenced strong central rule, and the absence of rigidly enforced legal structure.

　　孔子熱烈地提倡一個(gè)專制的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。在他逝世后，統(tǒng)治者靠著儒家學(xué)者來(lái)協(xié)助管理他們的帝國(guó)及統(tǒng)治他們的人民。對(duì)于那些發(fā)現(xiàn)其原則實(shí)質(zhì)上會(huì)幫助社會(huì)變得自律的統(tǒng)治者而言，儒學(xué)很吸引人。這些關(guān)于行為和其施行的原則被認(rèn)為后來(lái)影響了中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治、及嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法體系的缺乏。

　　onfucius spent his final years teaching his followers and communicating his wisdom.These dialogues would eventually become a set of texts called the Five Classics.

　　孔子利用他的最后幾年教導(dǎo)他的弟子和散播他的智慧。這些對(duì)話最終變成一系列稱作《五經(jīng)》的文本。