萬(wàn)物簡(jiǎn)史 第55期:事物的測(cè)定(13)

To complicate matters, after Picard's death thefather-and-son team of Giovanni and Jacques Cassinirepeated Picard's experiments over a larger area andcame up with results that suggested that the Earthwas fatter not at the equator but at the poles—thatNewton, in other words, was exactly wrong. It wasthis that prompted the Academy of Sciences todispatch Bouguer and La Condamine to SouthAmerica to take new measurements.

更為復(fù)雜的是，皮卡爾死后，喬瓦尼和雅克·卡西尼父子在更大的區(qū)域內(nèi)重復(fù)了皮卡爾的實(shí)驗(yàn)。他們得出的結(jié)果顯示，地球鼓起的地方不是在赤道，而是在兩極--換句話說，牛頓完全錯(cuò)了。正因?yàn)槿绱耍茖W(xué)院才派遣布格和孔達(dá)米納去南美洲重新測(cè)量。

They chose the Andes because they needed to measure near the equator, to determine ifthere really was a difference in sphericity there, and because they reasoned that mountainswould give them good sightlines. In fact, the mountains of Peru were so constantly lost incloud that the team often had to wait weeks for an hour's clear surveying. On top of that, theyhad selected one of the most nearly impossible terrains on Earth.

他們選擇了安第斯山脈，因?yàn)樗麄冃枰獪y(cè)量靠近赤道的地方，以確定那里的圓度是否真有差異，還因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為山區(qū)的視野比較開闊。實(shí)際上，秘魯?shù)拇笊浇?jīng)常云霧籠罩，這個(gè)小組常常不得不等上幾個(gè)星期，才等得上一個(gè)小時(shí)的晴天來進(jìn)行測(cè)量。不僅如此，他們選了個(gè)地球上幾乎最難對(duì)付的地形。

Peruvians refer to their landscape as muy accidentado—"much accidented"—and this it mostcertainly is. The French had not only to scale some of the world's most challenging mountains—mountains that defeated even their mules—but to reach the mountains they had to ford wildrivers, hack their way through jungles, and cross miles of high, stony desert, nearly all of ituncharted and far from any source of supplies. But Bouguer and La Condamine were nothingif not tenacious, and they stuck to the task for nine and a half long, grim, sun-blistered years.

秘魯人稱這種地形是"非常少見"的--這話絕對(duì)沒錯(cuò)兒。兩個(gè)法國(guó)人不僅不得不翻越幾座世界上最具挑戰(zhàn)性的大山--連他們的騾子也過不去的大山--而且，若要抵達(dá)那些大山，他們不得不涉過幾條湍急的河流，鉆過密密的叢林，穿越幾公里高高的卵石沙漠，這些地方在地圖上幾乎沒有標(biāo)記，遠(yuǎn)離供給來源。但是，布格和孔達(dá)米納是堅(jiān)忍不拔的人。他們不屈不撓，不怕風(fēng)吹日曬，堅(jiān)持執(zhí)行任務(wù)，度過了漫長(zhǎng)的九年半時(shí)間。

Shortly before concluding the project, they received word that a second French team, takingmeasurements in northern Scandinavia (and facing notable discomforts of their own, fromsquelching bogs to dangerous ice floes), had found that a degree was in fact longer near thepoles, as Newton had promised. The Earth was forty-three kilometers stouter when measuredequatorially than when measured from top to bottom around the poles.

在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目快要完成的時(shí)候，他們突然得到消息，說另一個(gè)法國(guó)考察隊(duì)在斯堪的納維亞半島北部進(jìn)行測(cè)量(面對(duì)自己的艱難困苦，從寸步難行的沼澤地，到危機(jī)四伏的浮冰)，發(fā)現(xiàn)1度經(jīng)線在兩極附近果真要長(zhǎng)，正如牛頓斷言的那樣。地球在赤道地區(qū)的測(cè)量結(jié)果，要比環(huán)繞兩極從上到下測(cè)量的結(jié)果厚出43公里。