注意分清是關(guān)系代詞還是人稱代詞
My friend showed me round the town, ________ was very kind of him.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
對于這道題，很顯然，B和C不能選，因為that不用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，而where是關(guān)系副詞，只用作狀語，不用作主語，所以這兩者很容易被排除。但是，在A和D之間，該選哪一個呢?許多同學(xué)選了人稱代詞it，因為It was very kind of him讀起來“太有感覺了”，語感“太正常了”;但是，很遺憾，選it錯了。正確答案是A，即應(yīng)選關(guān)系代詞which。為什么呢?
這要從英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)說起。根據(jù)英語語法，如果從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三類(若包括并列復(fù)合句，則為四類)。
所謂簡單句，就是只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Our dog likes catching biscuits in its mouth. 我們的狗喜歡用嘴接餅干。
所謂并列句，就是指由并列連詞連接的兩個或多個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
We parted, and we haven’t met since. 我們分手了，以后再也沒有見面。
At first they were happy, but things soon started to go wrong. 起初他們在一起很快樂，但不久就開始出問題了。
所謂復(fù)合句，就是指包括一個主句和一個(或幾個)從句的句子。如：
He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答說他不知情。(that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句)
It is an organization which helps the elderly. 這是一個幫助老年人的機構(gòu)。(which引導(dǎo)的是定語從句)
He’ll have four years at university after he leaves school. 他中學(xué)畢業(yè)后要上四年大學(xué)。(after引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句)
所謂并列復(fù)合句，簡單地說就是含有復(fù)合句的并列句。如：
John wanted to go to the party, but his wife said she was too tired. 約翰想去參加晚會，但他的妻子說她太累了。(but連接兩個句句子構(gòu)成并列句，而but后的句子中又是一個含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句)
有了上面的句子結(jié)構(gòu)知識，我們就來分析上面這道考題為什么該用which不用it了?，F(xiàn)在請看這兩個句子：
My friend showed me round the town, which was very kind of him.
My friend showed me round the town, it was very kind of him.
第一句用which之所以是正確的，是因為which在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，整個句子為一個含有定語從句的復(fù)合句;而第二句用it之所以不正確，是因為這個句子不屬于上面提到的任何一種句型：首先，它不是簡單句，因為它有兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu);其次，它也不是并列句，因為句子間沒有并列連詞;第三，它也不是復(fù)合句，因為句子間沒有體現(xiàn)出主句和從句;第四，它更不是并列復(fù)合句，因為它既不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。
通過這樣的分析，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該知道上面這個句子用it為什么是錯誤的了。假若要想保留人稱代詞it，又要使句子不錯，也有另外一個辦法，就是在it之前加上一個并列連詞，使之成為并列句。如說成：
My friend showed me round the town, and it was very kind of him.
現(xiàn)在同學(xué)們應(yīng)該搞清楚了吧。下面請再看一道考題：
She brought with her three friends, none of ________ I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
這道題是用them還是whom?套用上面的分析，我們可以很容易地確定答案為C，而不是A。但是，如果我們把題目稍為改變一下呢?如改成：
She brought with her three friends, and none of ________ I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
這道題的答案就不能是whom，而應(yīng)是them了。當(dāng)然，選these在語法上也是對的，只是意思上不是很通順，相比較而言，顯然不如用them好。
最后再來看一個很典型的例子：
Simon loves you, ________ is why he wants to be with you.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
由于that’s why…是同學(xué)們非常熟悉的句式，所以許多人可能會毫不猶豫地選B。又錯了!最佳答案應(yīng)是C。首先，由于句子間沒有并列連詞，所以排除A和B;又因為what不是關(guān)系代詞，不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，所以也不能選。注意，如果在兩個句子間加上并列連詞and，或?qū)⑵渲械亩禾柛臑槠普厶柣蚍痔?，則可用that，如以下三句都是正確的：
Simon loves you—that’s why he wants to be with you.
Simon loves you and that’s why he wants to be with you.
Simon loves you; that’s why he wants to be with you.
【小練一下】
01. That bar on Milton Street, ______ by the way is very nice, is owned by Trevor’s brother.
A. that B. how C. which D. what
02. She says it’s Charlotte’s fault, ______ is rubbish, and that she blames her.
A. that B. how C. which D. what
03. Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. that B. how C. which D. what
04. Dust particles must have got into the motor, ______ is why it isn’t working properly.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
05. I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, ______ is why he never finishes anything.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
06. He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
07. He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of ______ knew anything about the other.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【答案與解析】
01. C。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句且指事物時，要用關(guān)系代詞which，而不能用that;而how和what不是關(guān)系詞，均不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，故可排除B和D。
02. C。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句且指事物時，要用關(guān)系代詞which，而不能用that;而how和what不是關(guān)系詞，均不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，故可排除B和D。
03. C。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句且指事物時，要用關(guān)系代詞which，而不能用that;而how和what不是關(guān)系詞，均不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，故可排除B和D。
04. C。由于句子間沒有并列連詞，所以排除A和B;又因為what不是關(guān)系代詞，不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，所以也不能選。
05. C。由于句子間沒有并列連詞，所以排除A和B;又因為what不是關(guān)系代詞，不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，所以也不能選。
06. A。由于介詞后不能接關(guān)系代詞that，排除D;而them和what不是關(guān)系代詞，不用于引導(dǎo)定語從句，也被排除。none of which在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其意為“所有這些問題都不”。
07. A。由于介詞后不能接關(guān)系代詞who，排除D;而them不是關(guān)系代詞，不用于引導(dǎo)定語從句，也被排除;至于which，它只用于指事物，不用于指人，也被排除。neither of whom在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其意為“她們兩人都不”。
