語言中存在著大量的近義詞。這些意義和用法相近的詞匯豐富了語言的表達形式,但其差別之細微也給語言的正確使用造成了不小的麻煩。在翻譯的表達階段,譯者常常需要根據(jù)譯語的語言語境來調(diào)整自己的表達方式,使譯文用詞負荷譯語的規(guī)范。
Peter Newmark (1981:180)曾一針見血地指出外語寫作或翻譯最容易出毛病的地方不是語法,也不是詞匯,而是詞語的搭配(He [one who writes or speaks in a foreign language] will be "caught" out every time, not by his grammar ... not by his vocabulary ... But by his unacceptable or improbable collocations)。要想譯出用詞地道、搭配得當?shù)淖g文絕非一日之功,需要處處留心,日積月累,培養(yǎng)良好的英語語感,逐步提高自己的英語水平。請看以下各例:
(4)身體好,學習好,工作好。
Keep fit, study well and work hard.
此句中的“好”不能統(tǒng)統(tǒng)譯成good或well,而應(yīng)根據(jù)keep、study和work這三個動詞在英語中地道的搭配關(guān)系來選詞。
(5)阿Q將衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,說:“這毛蟲!”
Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, "Hairy worm!"
(魯迅《阿Q正傳》,楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)
(6)“三個臭皮匠,合成一個諸葛亮”,這就是說,群眾有偉大的創(chuàng)造力。(《毛澤東選集》)
The old saying, "Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang the master mind," simply means the masses have great creative power.
(7)賈珍感謝不盡,說:“侍服滿,親帶小犬到府叩謝。”于是作別。
Chia Chen thanked him warmly and promised, "When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to your honourable mansion to kowtow his thanks." And so they parted.
(曹雪芹《紅樓夢》,楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)
漢語中許多簡單的詞匯,如“笑”、“說”、“看”等,其英譯往往需要根據(jù)英語的語言習慣和固定搭配而確定。以上三例中的“說”在各自語言環(huán)境中的搭配關(guān)系有所不同,其含義也不盡相同,分別表示咒罵、解釋和允諾,因此翻譯時不應(yīng)不加辨別地一概譯為say,而應(yīng)在譯文各自的語言環(huán)境中選擇恰當?shù)谋磉_方法。