中國(guó)嚴(yán)打視頻應(yīng)用：快手等被批熱捧未成年生子

BEIJING — It was not Yang Qingning’s millions of social media followers or her political beliefs that made the young woman the scorn of Chinese state media recently.

北京——最近，讓楊清檸這個(gè)年輕女孩受中國(guó)官方媒體詬病的，不是她社交媒體上的數(shù)百萬(wàn)粉絲，也不是她的政治信念。

It was her tiny baby. 而是她的小寶寶。

Two of China’s most popular video platforms disappeared from app stores this week after the state broadcaster CCTV accused them of promoting underage pregnancy. A segment last week on CCTV featured what it said were teenage women whose videos — chronicling the joys and tribulations of motherhood, complete with images of swollen bellies — had attracted millions of followers and viewers. A stern but unspecific rebuke from China’s top media regulator followed a few days later.

本周，在被中國(guó)的中央電視臺(tái)(CCTV)指責(zé)宣傳未成年人懷孕后，中國(guó)最熱門的兩個(gè)視頻平臺(tái)在應(yīng)用商店中消失了。央視上周播出的片段展示了幾名據(jù)稱靠視頻吸引了數(shù)百萬(wàn)關(guān)注者和觀眾的少女，她們的視頻記錄著做母親的快樂(lè)和痛苦，還配有肚子隆起的圖片。幾天后，中國(guó)最高媒體監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)嚴(yán)厲但未點(diǎn)明細(xì)節(jié)的斥責(zé)隨之而來(lái)。

The slapdown — which comes as China’s government extends its internet controls to encompass not only what it finds politically subversive, but also what it deems unwholesome or pornographic — prompted quick declarations of remorse from the video apps’ creators.

隨著中國(guó)政府對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的管控?cái)U(kuò)大，不僅包括被認(rèn)定具有政治顛覆性的內(nèi)容，不健康或色情內(nèi)容也歸入其中。這個(gè)時(shí)候的嚴(yán)打促使視頻應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)者迅速發(fā)表了自責(zé)聲明。

“Content appeared on the platform that shouldn’t have been there, and it has had an extremely bad influence on society,” Su Hua, the chief executive of the company that operates Kuaishou, one of the apps, wrote in a statement. “I am very grateful to CCTV and other media for criticizing Kuaishou, so that I could clearly see my own deficiencies.”

“平臺(tái)上出現(xiàn)了不該有的內(nèi)容，對(duì)社會(huì)造成了非常不好的影響，”運(yùn)營(yíng)著其中一個(gè)應(yīng)用的快手公司首席執(zhí)行官宿華在一則聲明中寫道。“十分感謝中央電視臺(tái)等媒體對(duì)快手的批評(píng)，讓我清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的不足。”

The company behind the other app, Huoshan, wrote: “Thanks to CCTV’s supervision, Huoshan feels a deep sense of responsibility.” The creators of both apps said that they would strengthen their systems for screening videos.

另一個(gè)應(yīng)用——火山小視頻背后的公司寫道：“感謝央視的監(jiān)督，火山小視頻深感責(zé)任重大。”兩款應(yīng)用的開(kāi)發(fā)者都表示他們將加強(qiáng)自己的視頻審查機(jī)制。

It was not clear whether or when the apps would be returned to stores. Spokeswomen for Kuaishou’s and Huoshan’s parent companies declined further comment.

這些應(yīng)用是否或何時(shí)能重回應(yīng)用商店尚不清楚?？焓趾突鹕叫∫曨l母公司的發(fā)言人拒絕進(jìn)一步置評(píng)。

Online video has become a fierce battleground for Chinese technology firms. Kuaishou (pronounced KWAI-show) says its app is used by 100 million people every day. The parent of Huoshan (hwaw-SHAN) is Beijing Bytedance Technology, which says its flagship news app, Jinri Toutiao, has 120 million daily users. The attention of big-name Silicon Valley investors such as Sequoia Capital has helped Bytedance become one of the most highly valued tech start-ups in the world, with a recent valuation of $30 billion.

網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻已經(jīng)成為了中國(guó)科技公司的激烈戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)?？焓直硎舅膽?yīng)用每天有一億人使用;火山小視頻的母公司——北京字節(jié)跳動(dòng)公司稱，它的旗艦新聞應(yīng)用今日頭條有著1.2億的日活用戶。紅杉投資公司(Sequoia Capital)等知名硅谷投資者的關(guān)注，使字節(jié)跳動(dòng)公司成為了全球最具價(jià)值的科技創(chuàng)業(yè)公司之一，最近的估值為300億美元。

Kuaishou has a huge following outside China’s megacities. The platform, which shares features in common with Instagram, Snapchat and Periscope, has become a way to exchange glimpses — often bawdy and free spirited — of ordinary lives in China. It has made celebrities out of people as varied as train conductors, ice fishermen, female welders in shipyards and would-be guitar heroes in ramshackle hamlets.

快手在中國(guó)的大都市之外有著眾多追隨者。在中國(guó)，這個(gè)近似Instagram、Snapchat和Periscope的平臺(tái)已經(jīng)成了互窺日常生活的一種方式——低俗而乖張的場(chǎng)面時(shí)?？梢?jiàn)。它在普羅大眾中成就了列車員、冰上垂釣者、造船廠女焊工或頹敗村莊里自封的吉他英雄等等各式明星。

The democratizing possibilities of such services have not gone unnoticed by China’s censors.

中國(guó)的審查部門并不是沒(méi)有注意到這些服務(wù)趨于大眾化的可能。

As they have taken a harder line on online discourse, media regulators have made targets of celebrity gossip blogs, ranting rappers and more. Updates to several sections on Toutiao, Bytedance’s news app, were halted for 24 hours recently after regulators accused it of spreading “vulgar information.” Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like forum, had to take several features offline for a week after it was scolded for similar transgressions.

隨著媒體監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)以更嚴(yán)厲的態(tài)度對(duì)待網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論，名人八卦博客、饒舌說(shuō)唱歌手之類種種都被列為目標(biāo)。最近，在監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)指責(zé)傳播“低俗信息”后，字節(jié)跳動(dòng)公司的新聞應(yīng)用今日頭條幾個(gè)板塊被暫停更新24小時(shí);類似Twitter的論壇新浪微博因相同的違規(guī)行為受到了批評(píng)，被迫將幾個(gè)板塊下線一周。

Adolescent motherhood is a subject that arouses special alarm in China. Even as economists warn of a demographic emergency caused by the “one child” policy, which was ended in 2015, unwed mothers — even those of legal age — are stigmatized and face legal bias. What is more, sex education has struggled to keep up with changing mores, increasing the likelihood of unwanted pregnancies.

未成年生子是一個(gè)在中國(guó)特別引人擔(dān)憂的問(wèn)題。盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)2015年結(jié)束的獨(dú)生子女政策所造成的人口緊張作出了警告，但未婚媽媽仍會(huì)背負(fù)污名并面對(duì)法律偏見(jiàn)——哪怕她們到了法定年齡。此外，性教育難以跟上變化的社會(huì)習(xí)俗，增加了意外懷孕的幾率。

Last week’s CCTV segment begins with a young man and woman sitting together on a bed, their faces digitally blurred, as bouncy pop music plays in the background. “What do you think of when you see this video?” a narrator says. “Someone showing off their family’s cute children? Wrong. These two children already have their own children. This mother is not even 16.”

上周，央視播出的片段開(kāi)頭便是一對(duì)年輕男女一起坐在床上，他們的面部進(jìn)行了模糊處理，背景播放著歡快的流行音樂(lè)。“看到這段視頻你會(huì)想什么?”旁白說(shuō)道。“有人在曬自家可愛(ài)的小兒女?你錯(cuò)了。這兩個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)有了自己的孩子。這位媽媽還不到16歲。”

Over images of another young woman with strawberries digitally superimposed on her cheeks, the segment continues: “Perhaps this sweet young girl is obediently helping her parents take care of her little brother. You’re wrong again. This is another 16-year-old young mother.”

視頻接著出現(xiàn)了另一位年輕女子的圖像，她的臉頰上數(shù)碼疊加了幾顆草莓：“也許這個(gè)甜甜的小姑娘正在乖乖地幫父母照顧弟弟?你又錯(cuò)了。這也是一位16歲的小媽媽。”

China does not allow men to marry before the age of 22, and women not until 20, the segment says. The young mothers on these apps, according to the segment, mostly live in rural areas and have dropped out of school. “Their lives are dull, and they crave attention,” the narration says.

視頻片段稱，中國(guó)不允許男性在22周歲前結(jié)婚，女性則是20周歲。根據(jù)視頻，這些應(yīng)用上的年輕媽媽，大多生活在農(nóng)村，并已輟學(xué)。旁白說(shuō)，她們“生活單調(diào)，渴望被關(guān)注。”

The segment says that several such women had been vying, on the video apps, to be crowned the internet’s youngest mother. One went by the username “14 years old and already have my little cutie.”

該片段說(shuō)，在這些視頻應(yīng)用中，有幾個(gè)這樣的女性正爭(zhēng)搶著成為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上最年輕的媽媽。有人起了個(gè)用戶名，叫“14歲就擁有了自己的小可愛(ài)”。

After you have viewed the Kuaishou account of one teenage mother, CCTV says, the app even recommends other teenage mothers whose videos might be of interest.

央視稱，當(dāng)你在快手上瀏覽了一個(gè)青少年媽媽的賬號(hào)后，這個(gè)應(yīng)用竟然還會(huì)向你推薦其他可能感興趣的青少年媽媽視頻。

An expert interviewed in the segment warns that such technology could cause young viewers to be drawn into a self-reinforcing spiral of “negative influence.” “She will think that in her world, this kind of abnormal or illegal behavior is normal,” the expert says.

視頻采訪的一位專家警告，這樣的技術(shù)可能會(huì)把年輕的觀眾引入一種不斷自我強(qiáng)化的“負(fù)面影響”。“她就認(rèn)為她的世界當(dāng)中這種不正常的或者是違規(guī)的行為反而是正常的，”專家表示。