無麩質(zhì)飲食：我們的立場(chǎng)是什么?

無麩質(zhì)飲食：我們的立場(chǎng)是什么?

Over the past few decades, millions of people around the world have distanced themselves from gluten, eliminating gluten sources from their diets, even if their doctors haven't recommended they do so.

在過去的幾十年里，全世界數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離麩質(zhì)，從他們的飲食中消除了麩質(zhì)來源，即使他們的醫(yī)生沒有建議他們這樣做。

The gluten-free diet has a long history of treating people with celiac disease, a digestive disorder in which your body is abnormally sensitive to gluten, a protein component of wheat, rye, barley and crossbreeds of those grains.

無麩質(zhì)飲食在治療腹腔疾病方面有著悠久的歷史。腹腔疾病是一種消化系統(tǒng)疾病，你的身體對(duì)麩質(zhì)異常敏感。麩質(zhì)是小麥、黑麥、大麥以及這些谷物的雜交品種的蛋白質(zhì)成分。

Now, going gluten-free has become something of a nationwide obsession in the United States and is increasing in popularity globally.

現(xiàn)在，在美國(guó)，無麩質(zhì)食品已經(jīng)成為一種全國(guó)性的癡迷，并且在全球范圍內(nèi)越來越受歡迎。

"It is now the most popular diet in Hollywood," said Dr. Alessio Fasano, director of the Center for Celiac Research and Treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital, who has led world-renowned research on gluten.

“這是現(xiàn)在好萊塢最受歡迎的飲食，”馬薩諸塞州總醫(yī)院腹腔研究和治療中心主任Alessio Fasano博士說，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了世界著名的麩質(zhì)研究。

1940s: The gluten-free diet is discovered

20世紀(jì)40年代：無麩質(zhì)飲食被發(fā)現(xiàn)

World War II wreaked havoc across most of Europe. Children became malnourished, with limited access to fruits, vegetables and especially wheat. While that lack weakened the health of most, it seemed to strengthen those with celiac disease.

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)在歐洲大部分地區(qū)造成了嚴(yán)重破壞。兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良，水果、蔬菜，尤其是小麥的供應(yīng)有限。雖然這種缺乏削弱了大多數(shù)人的健康，但似乎使患有腹腔疾病的人健康了。

Dr. Willem-Karel Dicke, a Dutch pediatrician, noticed that fewer children with celiac disease were suffering symptoms during wartime than before the war, when the disease had a mortality rate of about 30%, Fasano said.

法薩諾說，荷蘭兒科醫(yī)生威廉-卡雷爾·迪克(Willem-Karel Dicke)注意到，與戰(zhàn)前相比，戰(zhàn)時(shí)患有腹腔疾病的兒童出現(xiàn)癥狀的人數(shù)減少了，當(dāng)時(shí)這種疾病的死亡率約為30%。

1970s: The genetics unfold

20世紀(jì)70年代:遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展

Scientists uncovered that celiac disease could be an autoimmune disorder -- instead of an allergic one -- in the 1970s, Leffler said.

萊弗勒說，科學(xué)家們?cè)?0世紀(jì)70年代首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了腹腔疾病可能是自身免疫性疾病而不是過敏性疾病的跡象。

1980s: What is non-celiac gluten sensitivity?

20世紀(jì)80年代:什么是非麩質(zhì)過敏癥?

A description of non-celiac gluten sensitivity was originally published in a 1980 paper in the journal Gastroenterology. The paper described eight women who suffered abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea that went away while they were on a gluten-free diet. They had no evidence of celiac disease, based on biopsies. Currently, celiac disease may be diagnosed based on your medical and family history, a physical exam, blood test, genetic test, or a skin or intestinal biopsy.

對(duì)非麩質(zhì)過敏癥的描述最初發(fā)表在1980年的胃腸病學(xué)雜志上。這篇論文描述了8名女性，她們?cè)跓o麩質(zhì)飲食期間腹痛和慢性腹瀉消失了。根據(jù)活組織檢查，他們沒有腹腔疾病的證據(jù)。目前，可以根據(jù)您的醫(yī)療和家族史、體檢、血液測(cè)試、基因測(cè)試或皮膚或腸道活檢來診斷腹腔疾病。

1990s: 'Whenever you look for it, you find it'

20世紀(jì)90年代:“只要你去找，你就會(huì)找到。”

Fasano, director of the Center for Celiac Research and Treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital, saw many cases of celiac disease early in his career as a pediatric gastroenterologist in Naples, Italy.

法薩諾是馬薩諸塞州總醫(yī)院腹腔研究和治療中心的主任，他在意大利那不勒斯擔(dān)任兒科胃腸病專家的職業(yè)生涯早期曾見過許多腹腔疾病病例。

When he moved to the US in 1993, he was surprised to hear from both researchers and health care professionals that he wouldn't see as many cases.

當(dāng)他在1993年搬到美國(guó)時(shí)，他驚訝地從研究人員和衛(wèi)生保健專業(yè)人士那里得知，他不會(huì)看到那么多病例。

"Celiac disease was considered extremely rare, almost nonexisting in the United States, and that was a quite interesting observation given at the same time in Europe, where I was coming from, there was a rampage of epidemics of celiac disease all over," Fasano said.

法薩諾說：“腹腔疾病被認(rèn)為是極其罕見的，在美國(guó)幾乎不存在，這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)有趣的觀察結(jié)果，同時(shí)在我的家鄉(xiāng)歐洲，腹腔疾病遍及各地，”法薩諾說。

2000s: Gluten gets vilified

21世紀(jì)初：麩質(zhì)被受到詆毀

There was a big study in the United States done by Alessio Fasano that found the prevalence of celiac disease in the United States at around 1%, which was 10 times higher than what people thought it was in the United States before that, said Leffler, of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

貝絲以色列女執(zhí)事醫(yī)療中心的萊弗勒說，美國(guó)有一項(xiàng)由阿萊西奧·法薩諾(Alessio Fasano)進(jìn)行的大型研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)腹腔疾病的患病率約為1%，比之前人們認(rèn)為的高出10倍。

Fasano's research was published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine in 2003.

法薩諾的研究發(fā)表在2003年的《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)內(nèi)科雜志》上。

"It really was a critical study," Leffler said.

“這真的是一項(xiàng)批判性研究，”萊弗勒說。

2010s: Gluten-free isn't good for everyone, experts say

2010年代：專家說，無麩質(zhì)并不是對(duì)每個(gè)人都有好處

In 2012, singer and actress Miley Cyrus tweeted that she had lost weight due to a gluten-free and lactose-free diet, since she has gluten and lactose allergies, she said in the tweet.

2012年，歌手兼演員麥莉·賽勒斯(Miley Cyrus)在推特上說，由于對(duì)麩質(zhì)和乳糖過敏，她通過無麩質(zhì)和無乳糖飲食而減肥。

"Gluten is crapppp anyway," she tweeted.

她在推特上寫道:“麩質(zhì)就是垃圾。”

2017: What the future may hold

2017:未來可能會(huì)怎樣

Fasano hopes the pendulum on gluten's reputation will swing in the opposite direction, from painting gluten as a monster back to depicting it as a simple protein that some can healthily digest and others cannot.

法薩諾希望麩質(zhì)聲譽(yù)的鐘擺會(huì)朝相反的方向擺動(dòng)，從把麩質(zhì)描述成怪物，到把它描繪成一種簡(jiǎn)單的蛋白質(zhì)，一些人可以健康地消化，而另一些人則不能。