不論你遇到什么難題，先睡一覺

It is often said that the best way to get to the bottom of a hard problem is to sleep on it. But how accurate is this advice?

關(guān)于如何追根究底找到解決問(wèn)題的方法，通常有個(gè)普遍的說(shuō)法 —— 最好先睡上一覺，或許會(huì)找到解決方案。不過(guò)這個(gè)說(shuō)法到底有幾分可信度呢?

A new study forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science may have the answer.

一項(xiàng)即將在《心理科學(xué)期刊》刊登的最新研究報(bào)告或許能給出答案。

A team of researchers led by Kristin Sanders of Northwestern University designed an experiment to test whether cueing music associated with unsolved brain teasers during sleep increased people's ability to solve those same brain teasers the next morning. Fascinatingly, they found that it did.

美國(guó)西北大學(xué)克里斯汀·桑德斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。在測(cè)試者睡眠期間，播放與尚未解決腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎相關(guān)的提示音樂，研究他們?cè)诖稳赵绯拷鉀Q同樣問(wèn)題的能力是否有所提高。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果令人驚喜，測(cè)試者次日解決問(wèn)題的能力確實(shí)得到了提高。

"Numerous studies in humans and other animals demonstrate better memory after sleep compared with a similar time awake," state the researchers. "Sleep-related memory processes not only strengthen but also can optimize, organize, and transform information."

研究人員稱：“根據(jù)對(duì)人類和其他動(dòng)物的大量研究，在相似的時(shí)間段，睡眠之后的記憶力比清醒時(shí)效果更佳。與睡眠相關(guān)的記憶形成過(guò)程，不僅能在睡眠中得到加強(qiáng)的效果，還起到組織、優(yōu)化、和轉(zhuǎn)換信息的作用.”

To arrive at this conclusion, the researchers invited 57 students at Northwestern University to participate in a three-day, two-night study. On the first day, participants were presented with a series of difficult spatial and verbal puzzles. Here is one example. (The answer is provided at the end of this article.)

為了證實(shí)這個(gè)結(jié)論，研究人員邀請(qǐng)美國(guó)西北大學(xué)57名學(xué)生參與三天兩夜的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。第一天，測(cè)試者需要解決一系列的空間和文字難題。舉個(gè)例子：(答案于本文文末)

On a wall outside a closet door are three standard on/off switches. One (and only one) controls a light bulb inside the light-tight, well-insulated closet. The other two switches do nothing. You can only open the closet door once, and cannot change any switches after the door is open (or re-closed, for that matter). Damaging or disassembling the door, walls, or switches is against the rules. Within these constraints, how can you determine with certainty which switch controls the light bulb? — Sanders et al. (2019)

壁櫥門外的墻上有三個(gè)同樣規(guī)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開關(guān)。其中有且僅有一個(gè)開關(guān)控制壁櫥內(nèi)的一個(gè)燈泡，壁櫥密不透光、完全隔絕。其余兩個(gè)開關(guān)不起任何作用。你有且僅有一次機(jī)會(huì)可以打開壁櫥門，確定你選擇的開關(guān)是否是控制該燈泡。門開之后或重新關(guān)閉前，都不可更改任何開關(guān)。禁止損毀或拆卸壁櫥門、墻以及開關(guān)，否則作違規(guī)處理。在這些約束條件下，你是如何確定燈泡的開關(guān)呢?—— 桑德森等(2019)

Forty-two puzzles like the one presented above were used in the experiment. Importantly, each puzzle was paired with a sound clip. The experimenters encouraged participants to try to solve the puzzles as well as to remember the different sound clips associated with each puzzle. Participants worked through the brain teasers until a total of six puzzles remained unsolved.

實(shí)驗(yàn)中測(cè)試者需解決42道類似上述的智力題。值得一提的是，每個(gè)智力題都配備一個(gè)聲音文件。研究人員鼓勵(lì)測(cè)試者在解決智力題的同時(shí)，盡可能地記住與每個(gè)智力題相關(guān)的聲音片段。最后測(cè)試者成功解決這些問(wèn)題，但還有六道尚未找到解決方法。

Next, participants took home a sleep monitoring device and sound cueing system that gathered data and played music while they slept. For instance, every time the machine detected slow-wave sleep(i.e., the type of sleep in which dreaming and memory re-organization is thought to occur), the machine cued music associated with some, but not all, of the unsolved brain teasers.

隨后，測(cè)試者帶回家一個(gè)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備和一個(gè)聲音提示系統(tǒng)設(shè)備。在他們睡眠期間，設(shè)備可收集與睡眠相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)以及播放音樂。例如，當(dāng)機(jī)器檢測(cè)到慢波睡眠時(shí)(該睡眠狀態(tài)被認(rèn)為夢(mèng)和記憶會(huì)出現(xiàn)重組的情況)，機(jī)器便會(huì)播放部分與尚未解決的腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎相關(guān)的聲音片段。

The next morning, participants were asked to try to figure out the puzzles they were not able to solve the day before. The experiment was repeated later that day and night, and participants again attempted to solve the unsolved puzzles the next morning.

次日早上，再要求測(cè)試者解決前一天尚未解決的智力題，同時(shí)在當(dāng)天重復(fù)前一天的實(shí)驗(yàn);到第三天早上，測(cè)試者再一次解決未解決的智力題。

Over the course of the two experimental sessions, the researchers found that participants were 55 percent more likely to solve puzzles on their second try when the corresponding sound clip was surreptitiously played while they slept. They also reported that the effect was not dependent on the type of puzzle; solve rates for both spatial and verbal puzzles increased when cued during sleep.

通過(guò)這兩次實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在測(cè)試者睡覺時(shí)偷偷播放與未解智力題相應(yīng)的聲音片段，他們?cè)诘诙谓鉀Q問(wèn)題的可能性高達(dá)55%。研究報(bào)告還指出這種效應(yīng)與智力題的類型無(wú)關(guān)，如果測(cè)試者在睡眠期間接收到相關(guān)聲音的提示，空間和文字問(wèn)題的解決率都有所提高。

The authors conclude, “By demonstrating for the first time that targeted reactivation of puzzle memories during sleep improves problem-solving the following morning, we add to a growing literature recognizing sleep as useful for both strengthening and reorganizing memory.”

研究人員總結(jié)說(shuō)：“這次實(shí)驗(yàn)首次證明，在睡眠期間，有針對(duì)性地重新激活未解難題的記憶，有助于提高解決該問(wèn)題的能力。我們?yōu)檫@方面的研究增加了有科學(xué)依據(jù)的參考文獻(xiàn)，讓人們認(rèn)識(shí)到睡眠對(duì)于增強(qiáng)和重組記憶是有效果的。”

So, the next time you're faced with a difficult problem, sleep on it...and play some music to remind yourself of the challenge.

因此，不論你遇到什么難題，不妨先睡一覺，同時(shí)播放一些能夠提示你解決該問(wèn)題的音樂，或許醒來(lái)后你就找到了解決方案。