完形填空分析 如何確定語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)？

完形填空分析 如何確定語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)？

語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)Ⅰ：完形填空中的詞匯及短語(yǔ)

解題思路

詞匯是完形填空題考查的重點(diǎn)，在完形填空15道題目中占的比例較高。在完形填空題中，主要是考查考生對(duì)單詞詞義的準(zhǔn)確把握，特別是對(duì)形近詞和近義詞的考查，同時(shí)也注意常見短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的考查。

需要指出的是，與以單句形式出現(xiàn)的詞匯選擇題不同的是，完形填空題對(duì)詞匯的考核是經(jīng)常放在上下文語(yǔ)境中進(jìn)行的，也就是說，多數(shù)情況下對(duì)這類題目的解答仍然要依靠對(duì)上下文的正確理解。具體來說，主要表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)一致性：

1．所選詞與原文出現(xiàn)過的詞的一致性；

2．所選詞與原文空格前后的詞搭配的一致性，特別是與介詞的搭配；

3．所選詞與上下文語(yǔ)境在語(yǔ)意上的一致性。

真題回放1

What the French call the "tourism of death"　56　an important contribution to the Iowa economy. (2008年)

56. A. makes

B. brings

C. gives

D. adds

56．A。［解析］本題考查固定搭配make contributions to：對(duì)……作出貢獻(xiàn)，句意為：被法國(guó)人稱為“死亡之旅”（的活動(dòng)）為Iowa的經(jīng)濟(jì)作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。故A為正確答案。

真題回放2

When I was in my teens (十幾歲) and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe, North America, Asia and southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality　52　the road. (2007年)

52. A. above

B. over

C. at

D. on

52．D。［解析］本題考查短語(yǔ)，on the road“在路上”屬于固定搭配，其他幾個(gè)介詞都不能和road一起用。故D為正確答案。

真題回放3

These days, "What do you want to do when you grow up?" is the wrong question to ask children in the USA. The　51　should be: "What job are you doing now?" American companies are employing more and more young people as consultants to evaluate products for child consumers. (2006年)

51. A. sentence

B. word

C. answer

D. question

51．D。［解析］本題考查的是詞匯。從上下文的語(yǔ)境看，What do you want to do when you grow up，不是一個(gè)好的question，那么下文所提到的What job are you doing now與之相對(duì)，也應(yīng)該是一個(gè)question。故D為正確答案。

真題回放4

Eric Brown hates shopping. "It's just not enjoyable to me," said the 28-year-old Chicago man who was carrying several shopping bags along the city's main street, Michigan Avenue. "When I'm out　51　, I basically know what I want to get. I rush in. I buy it." (2005年)

51. A. playing

B. fishing

C. shopping

D. going

51．C。［解析］本題考查詞匯?？崭窈笪奶岬絀 rush in. I buy it，根據(jù)這一語(yǔ)境，能推斷應(yīng)是shopping（購(gòu)物），故C為正確答案。

真題回放5

The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve　52　on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. (2008年)

52. A. aggression

B. anxiety

C. pressure

D. resistance

52．C。［解析］這里考查的是詞匯。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中可以和動(dòng)詞relieve搭配的只有anxiety和pressure這兩個(gè)詞，relieve anxiety：減緩焦慮；relieve pressure：減輕壓力。從上下文語(yǔ)境來看，當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)正置身于另一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役之中，故在Somme發(fā)動(dòng)的這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役無疑減輕了法國(guó)所承受的壓力。

Achilles' heel

1．詞類錯(cuò)誤

詞類錯(cuò)誤指詞根正確但詞類錯(cuò)誤的詞。既有語(yǔ)際錯(cuò)誤，又有語(yǔ)內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤。

語(yǔ)際錯(cuò)誤是由語(yǔ)言遷移產(chǎn)生的一種錯(cuò)誤，即由學(xué)習(xí)者本族語(yǔ)導(dǎo)致的錯(cuò)誤；語(yǔ)內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤則是目的語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤或不完整學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果。一方面，英漢語(yǔ)屬于不同的語(yǔ)系，它們?cè)谠~匯和形態(tài)上區(qū)別很大。漢字沒有形態(tài)變化，既可用作副詞又可用作形容詞。然而，英語(yǔ)中，許多形容詞后必須加后綴才能構(gòu)成對(duì)應(yīng)的副詞，如easy/easily，correct/correctly。許多考生受漢語(yǔ)影響，常忽略英語(yǔ)實(shí)詞不同詞類的詞尾特征而犯詞類錯(cuò)誤。另一方面，英語(yǔ)單詞的后綴形式很復(fù)雜，有些后綴可改變?cè)~類，如care/careful/carefully/carefulness，有些后綴不改變?cè)~類，如memory/memorization，由于這些后綴本身的復(fù)雜性，考生很難記住，故容易犯詞類錯(cuò)誤。

2．替代錯(cuò)誤

替代錯(cuò)誤指在一定上下文中從語(yǔ)法角度看是正確的，但在語(yǔ)意上卻講不通的詞匯錯(cuò)誤。替代錯(cuò)誤的頻次最高，占詞匯錯(cuò)誤總數(shù)的33％，幾乎涉及所有詞類。英語(yǔ)的同義詞非常豐富，如see和look，但完全同義的詞非常少。不少人將看報(bào)或看書寫成see a newspaper or a book，殊不知see和look雖然有時(shí)相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“看”，但漢語(yǔ)中的看書、看報(bào)實(shí)為讀書、讀報(bào)（read a book or newspaper）。

3．省略型錯(cuò)誤

省略型錯(cuò)誤占詞匯錯(cuò)誤總數(shù)的15.1％。在所有詞類中，冠詞的省略頻次最高，特別是定冠詞the。英語(yǔ)中冠詞的用法復(fù)雜，包括漢語(yǔ)在內(nèi)的許多語(yǔ)言中都沒有與其對(duì)應(yīng)的詞。放在形容詞前的助動(dòng)詞受漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的影響也易被省略。漢語(yǔ)中，形容詞可以直接作謂語(yǔ)，然而，英語(yǔ)中形容詞前必須加助動(dòng)詞才能構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。受漢語(yǔ)的影響，連接詞和代詞也有被省略的情況。實(shí)詞省略的現(xiàn)象較少，多發(fā)生在一些習(xí)語(yǔ)和固定詞組中。

語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)Ⅱ：完形填空中的從句

解題思路

從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，內(nèi)含主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，意義上像句子，但語(yǔ)法上不能單獨(dú)成句子。從句在句子中充當(dāng)句子成分。

這是完形填空試題的一個(gè)常見的考點(diǎn)，其中包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等。

真題回放1

Not only did you find out much more about a country than　53　traveling by train or plane, but also there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night. (2007年)

53. A. when

B. after

C. before

D. until

53．A。［解析］本題考查的是從句。when traveling by train or plane是一個(gè)省略了主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，完整的結(jié)構(gòu)為when you are traveling by train or plane。故A為正確答案。

真題回放2

The software company Microsoft runs a weekly "Kid's Council" at its headquarters in Seattle,　61　a panel of school children give their verdict on the old products and suggest new ones. (2005年)

61. A. there

B. here

C. where

D. which

61．C。［解析］本題考查定語(yǔ)從句。從上下文語(yǔ)境看，這句話的前半部分是完整句子，我們知道逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)完整、獨(dú)立的句子，所以逗號(hào)后只能是從句，因而排除A和B，再看原文是表示地點(diǎn)的，所以選擇where。

真題回放3

The old rule that "children should be seen and not heard" is rarely followed, and children are often allowed to do　53　they wish without strict control of their parents. (2003年)

53 A. what

B. that

C. which

D. when

53．A。［解析］本題考查賓語(yǔ)從句。what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，本句大意：孩子們被允許做他們想做的事，不受父母嚴(yán)格的控制。故A為正確答案。

真題回放4

Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles (哨子) blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme,　51　it is called, lasted for six months. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground. (2008年)

51. A. since

B. because

C. as

D. for

51．C。［解析］這里考查的是從句。所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是連接詞，但since, because, for這三個(gè)詞一般都表示因果關(guān)系。這里要表示的并不是因果關(guān)系，而是一種方式，故答案為as：正如，好像。

真題回放5

About 17 million people were killed in WWⅠ. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one in　53　most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space. (2008年)

53. A. where

B. which

C. why

D. that

53．B。［解析］這里考查的是定語(yǔ)從句，該定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是one，指代的是war, in which即指in the war。

Achilles' heel

1．修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)置

修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)置有以下幾種情況：

（1）修飾語(yǔ)與被修飾語(yǔ)之間間隔太遠(yuǎn)。例：Jack killed the bee that stung him with a magazine. 改正：With a magazine, Jack killed the bee that stung him.

（2）修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)置。例：The block on the highway had been cleared before heavy traffic jam was caused by the policemen. 應(yīng)改為：The block on the highway had been cleared by the policemen before heavy traffic jam was caused.

2．垂懸修飾語(yǔ)

垂懸修飾語(yǔ)是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，或一個(gè)省略句（一個(gè)沒有主語(yǔ)或沒有動(dòng)詞，或既無主語(yǔ)也無動(dòng)詞的從句）。在句子中找不到邏輯上被修飾的對(duì)象，所以看似與主句無關(guān)。常見的垂懸修飾語(yǔ)有垂懸分詞、垂懸動(dòng)名詞、垂懸不定式、垂懸介詞和垂懸省略句。例：Watching the moving film, my eyes filled with tears. 應(yīng)改為：Watching the moving film, I felt my eyes filled with tears.

3．錯(cuò)誤的平行結(jié)構(gòu)

平行結(jié)構(gòu)可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子。使用表示比較或?qū)Ρ鹊年P(guān)聯(lián)連詞（either, or；neither, nor；not only, but also；both, and等）時(shí)，要注意保持平行的結(jié)構(gòu)。