一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。
三、定語(yǔ)從句的分類
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,句子意思仍完整。
四、關(guān)系代詞的用法
1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. (that作主語(yǔ))
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. (that作賓語(yǔ))
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. (作主語(yǔ))
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. (作賓語(yǔ))
3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主語(yǔ),不可省略。whom用作賓語(yǔ),在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom,可省略。例:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. (作主語(yǔ))
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? (作賓語(yǔ))
[溫馨提示]
(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
(2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
(3)that作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
①先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
②被修飾的先行詞是all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
③先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例:
This is the same bike that I lost.
④先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
⑤以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that。例:
Who is the girl that is crying?
⑥主句是there be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which。例:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
(5)只能用which,而不用that的情況:
①先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which,而不用that。例:
What's that which is under the desk?
②關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that。例:
This is the room in which he lives.
③引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which,而不用that。例:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
1.when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例:
This was the time when he arrived.
2.where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例:
This is place where he works.
3.why指原因,其先行詞是原因,作原因狀語(yǔ)。例:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
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