2022年11月06日 VOA慢速英語：如何避免抄襲

 

In the digital age, it has become easy for students to find and copy published material. But copying another person's writing without giving them credit can get students into big trouble.
在數(shù)字時(shí)代，學(xué)生可以很容易地找到和復(fù)制已發(fā)布的材料。但是抄襲別人的作品而不給他們榮譽(yù)會(huì)給學(xué)生帶來很大的麻煩。
 
Copying another person's writing without giving them credit is called plagiarism.
抄襲他人的作品而不給予他們信任被稱為剽竊。
 
Dictionary publisher Merriam-Webster says the word "plagiarism" comes from the Latin word plagiarius. It means "kidnapper." But now we use it to describe someone who steals words rather than children.
字典出版商 Merriam-Webster 說“剽竊”這個(gè)詞來自拉丁詞plagiarius。它的意思是“綁架者”。但現(xiàn)在我們用它來形容一個(gè)偷話的人而不是孩子。
 
In the United States and other Western countries, universities have rules for avoiding plagiarism. But learning to correctly follow these rules can be difficult for some international students.
在美國和其他西方國家，大學(xué)都有避免抄襲的規(guī)定。但是對(duì)于一些國際學(xué)生來說，學(xué)習(xí)正確遵守這些規(guī)則可能很困難。
 
Intellectual property
知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)
 
Why do universities and publishers care so much about copying even very small parts of someone's writing?
為什么大學(xué)和出版商如此關(guān)心抄襲某人作品的一小部分？
 
American copyright law protects original works of authorship including books, movies, music, images and artworks. It also extends protection to computer software and architecture. The owner can sell the work or permit others to use it.
美國版權(quán)法保護(hù)原創(chuàng)作品，包括書籍、電影、音樂、圖像和藝術(shù)品。它還將保護(hù)擴(kuò)展到計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和體系結(jié)構(gòu)。所有者可以出售作品或允許他人使用它。
 
The idea is that copyright helps society make progress. If people can make money by owning their creations, called intellectual property, then more people will want to create original works.
這個(gè)想法是版權(quán)有助于社會(huì)進(jìn)步。如果人們可以通過擁有自己的創(chuàng)作（稱為知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)）來賺錢，那么更多的人會(huì)想要?jiǎng)?chuàng)作原創(chuàng)作品。
 
The law permits the unlicensed use of copyrighted works, called fair use, for activities including criticism, comment, news reporting, education and research. However, there are some limitations.
法律允許未經(jīng)許可將受版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品用于批評(píng)、評(píng)論、新聞報(bào)道、教育和研究等活動(dòng)，稱為合理使用。但是，有一些限制。
 
In education, students can include a very small part of copyrighted works in their writing and research if they provide credit, or citation, to the original creators.
在教育中，如果學(xué)生向原始創(chuàng)作者提供信用或引用，他們可以在他們的寫作和研究中包含一小部分受版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品。
 
Many universities, such as Harvard, even urge students to give credit to information or sources of ideas they get from conversations with professors or other students. Harvard even warns students about copying themselves. That is, they cannot hand in the same work for more than one class without the permission of their instructors.
許多大學(xué)，如哈佛，甚至敦促學(xué)生對(duì)他們從與教授或其他學(xué)生的對(duì)話中獲得的信息或想法來源給予信任。哈佛甚至警告學(xué)生不要模仿自己。也就是說，未經(jīng)導(dǎo)師許可，他們不能將相同的作業(yè)提交給多個(gè)班級(jí)。
 
A failure to do so is considered plagiarizing.
不這樣做被認(rèn)為是抄襲。
 
How can professors know if a student is plagiarizing?
教授如何知道學(xué)生是否抄襲？
 
Just as it is easy to copy, it is also easy for professors to know if a student has plagiarized.
就像抄襲很容易一樣，教授也很容易知道學(xué)生是否抄襲。
 
First, there are computer programs that compare students' papers to large databases of published writing. The programs can identify whether students have copied published writing. Second, if English is not a student's first language, a professor might recognize a change in vocabulary and writing style. This could bring more attention to the student's paper.
首先，有一些計(jì)算機(jī)程序可以將學(xué)生的論文與已發(fā)表作品的大型數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行比較。這些程序可以識(shí)別學(xué)生是否抄襲了已發(fā)表的作品。其次，如果英語不是學(xué)生的第一語言，教授可能會(huì)意識(shí)到詞匯和寫作風(fēng)格的變化。這可能會(huì)引起對(duì)學(xué)生論文的更多關(guān)注。
 
The punishment for plagiarism can vary. Professors could simply warn a student not to do it again, lower their grade, or they may fail the student in that class. In more extreme cases, a student may be temporarily banned or expelled from school.
對(duì)剽竊的懲罰可能會(huì)有所不同。教授可以簡單地警告學(xué)生不要再這樣做，降低他們的成績，或者他們可能會(huì)在該班上不及格。在更極端的情況下，學(xué)生可能會(huì)被暫時(shí)禁止或開除。
 
Cultural differences
文化差異
 
Some international students in the U.S. struggle to avoid plagiarism and learn the rules of citation. Part of the difficulty is due to cultural differences.
美國的一些國際學(xué)生努力避免抄襲并學(xué)習(xí)引用規(guī)則。部分困難是由于文化差異。
 
Some cultures do not have a long historical and legal tradition of protecting intellectual property. In these cultures, knowledge has been considered something common to everyone, without ownership. In others, copying is seen as showing respect for the writing and thinking of experts rather than themselves.
有些文化沒有保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的悠久歷史和法律傳統(tǒng)。在這些文化中，知識(shí)被認(rèn)為是每個(gè)人共有的東西，沒有所有權(quán)。在另一些情況下，抄襲被視為尊重專家的寫作和思考，而不是他們自己。
 
If English is not a student's first language, sometimes, finding words to express complex ideas could be difficult. Thus, copying becomes the way the students try to express their ideas.
如果英語不是學(xué)生的第一語言，有時(shí)可能很難找到表達(dá)復(fù)雜想法的詞匯。因此，復(fù)制成為學(xué)生嘗試表達(dá)想法的方式。
 
Steven Horowitz is a professor of Legal English at Georgetown Law in Washington, D.C. In an email to VOA Learning English, he said, "I've talked with students from Middle East cultures who have explained to me that they often are not expected to cite because a lot of things they quote are so familiar to everyone that there is no need or expectation of citing."
史蒂文霍洛維茨是華盛頓特區(qū)喬治城法學(xué)院的法律英語教授，在給美國之音學(xué)習(xí)英語的一封電子郵件中，他說：“我與來自中東文化的學(xué)生交談過，他們向我解釋說，他們通常不會(huì)引用因?yàn)樗麄円玫暮芏鄸|西對(duì)每個(gè)人來說都是如此熟悉，以至于沒有必要或期望引用。”
 
 
Horowitz said, "I know on occasion some international students will use quoted text… because they feel like their own words can't do justice to the meaning in the quoted text and feel like it's not their place to suggest alternative text."
霍洛維茨說：“我知道有時(shí)有些國際學(xué)生會(huì)使用引用文本……因?yàn)樗麄冇X得自己的話無法正確理解引用文本 的含義，并且覺得這不是他們建議替代文本的地方。”
 
"It's often a challenge to explain to international students the need for citation even in sentences when you don't use quoted text," he added.
“當(dāng)你不使用引用的文本時(shí)，即使在句子中也向國際學(xué)生解釋引用的必要性通常是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，”他補(bǔ)充道。
 
Tools to avoid plagiarism
避免抄襲的工具
 
There are free tools to make citations easier for students and to avoid plagiarism. Zotero is a free, open-source program that helps organize all the research a student may use. For example, it can automatically create citations and combine them into a list. The Purdue Online Writing Lab, or Purdue OWL for short, is another free resource.
有免費(fèi)工具可以讓學(xué)生更容易引用并避免抄襲。Zotero是一個(gè)免費(fèi)的開源程序，可幫助組織學(xué)生可能使用的所有研究。例如，它可以自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建引文并將它們組合成一個(gè)列表。Purdue Online Writing Lab或 Purdue OWL 是另一種免費(fèi)資源。
 
Many universities also have writing centers where students can learn the citation rules. And another way for students to learn how to avoid plagiarism is to read published papers and pay careful attention to how information is presented. Students should observe when and how citations are used. This can help them learn the rules of citations.
許多大學(xué)還設(shè)有寫作中心，學(xué)生可以在那里學(xué)習(xí)引文規(guī)則。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)如何避免抄襲的另一種方法是閱讀已發(fā)表的論文并仔細(xì)注意信息的呈現(xiàn)方式。學(xué)生應(yīng)該觀察何時(shí)以及如何使用引文。這可以幫助他們學(xué)習(xí)引用規(guī)則。
 
Finally, remember that in educational, or academic, writing, it is better to cite too much than too little.
最后，請(qǐng)記住，在教育或?qū)W術(shù)寫作中，引用太多總比引用太少好。