乳腺癌患者指南

乳腺癌患者指南

Breast cancer is the most common cancer afflicting women in the United States, regardless of race or ethnicity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. In 2013, more than 40,000 women and 464 men died of the disease. In 2017, more than 250,000 women and over 2,000 men are expected to be diagnosed with the disease.

乳腺癌是美國女性最常見的癌癥，不分種族。美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心，簡稱cdc)報(bào)告稱，每8名女性中就有1名將在有生之年被診斷出患有侵襲性乳腺癌。2013年，超過4萬名女性和464名男性死于該病。2017年，預(yù)計(jì)將有25萬多名女性和2000多名男性被診斷出患有這種疾病。

Signs and Symptoms

癥狀和體征

· A lump or thickness in or near the breast or under the arm

乳房內(nèi)或靠近乳房或腋下的腫塊或厚度

· Unexplained swelling or shrinkage of the breast, particularly on one side only

原因不明的乳房腫脹或萎縮，尤指一側(cè)乳房

· Dimpling or puckering of the breast

乳房凹陷或褶皺

· Nipple discharge (fluid) other than breast milk that occurs without squeezing the nipple

不擠壓乳頭而出現(xiàn)的不是母乳的分泌物(液體)

Risk Factors

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素

There are many factors that contribute to whether you’ll develop breast cancer in your lifetime. The primary risk for any cancer is age – the older you are, the more chances you'll have a cell develop genetic mutations that could eventually grow into cancer. This is true for breast cancer, too, which affects more older women than it does younger women. The National Cancer institute reports that the median age at diagnosis among breast cancer patients is 62 years.

有很多因素會(huì)影響你一生中是否會(huì)患上乳腺癌。任何癌癥的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都是年齡——你越老，你的細(xì)胞發(fā)生基因突變的機(jī)會(huì)就越大，而這些突變最終可能發(fā)展成癌癥。乳腺癌也是如此，老年女性比年輕女性受影響更大。美國國家癌癥研究所報(bào)告稱，乳腺癌患者的平均診斷年齡為62歲。

Genetics have also been shown to play a role in whether you’ll develop breast cancer. Genetic mutations on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene have gotten a lot of attention over the past 10 years or so as being the primary source of genetically-based cases of breast cancer, but other genetic mutations can also lead to the development of cancer. Certain ethnicities, in particular Ashkenazi Jews, have a higher rate of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. A strong family history of breast, ovarian or prostate cancer could also point to a genetic component and may lead you to pursue genetic testing to get a better understanding of your individual risk.

基因也會(huì)影響你是否會(huì)患上乳腺癌。在過去10年左右的時(shí)間里，BRCA1和BRCA2基因的基因突變作為乳腺癌基因病例的主要來源而備受關(guān)注，但其他基因突變也可能導(dǎo)致癌癥的發(fā)展。某些種族，特別是德系猶太人，具有更高的BRCA1和BRCA2基因突變率。有很強(qiáng)的乳腺癌、卵巢癌或前列腺癌家族史也可能與遺傳因素有關(guān)，這可能會(huì)促使你進(jìn)行基因檢測，以更好地了解你的個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Treatments

治療

· Lumpectomy, in which the cancerous tissue is removed from the breast but most of the breast is left intact.

腫塊切除術(shù)，其中癌變組織從乳房中切除，但大部分乳房完好無損。

· A mastectomy, in which the entire breast is removed. The surgeon may also remove some nearby lymph nodes.

乳房切除術(shù)，切除整個(gè)乳房的手術(shù)。外科醫(yī)生也可以切除附近的一些淋巴結(jié)。

· A bilateral mastectomy, in which both breasts are removed, along with nearby lymph nodes.

雙側(cè)乳房切除術(shù)，其中兩個(gè)乳房都被切除，以及附近的淋巴結(jié)。

· Radiation. Radiation therapy uses targeted, high-energy light and X-rays to kill cancer cells where they grow. It’s used in certain breast cancer cases to kill cancer cells, but not all.

放射。放射療法使用定向的高能光和X射線來殺死癌細(xì)胞生長的地方。它在某些乳腺癌病例中被用來殺死癌細(xì)胞，但不是全部。