為未來100年的流感重新設(shè)計(jì)辦公室

為未來100年的流感重新設(shè)計(jì)辦公室

Architects say making the office more like the outdoors — with filtered air and good ventilation — will be a priority post-pandemic. This living wall in the Danielle N. Ripich Commons at the University of New England in Biddeford, Maine, is one such approach.

建筑師們說，讓辦公室更像室外——有過濾空氣和良好的通風(fēng)——將是流行病后的首要任務(wù)。緬因州比德福德新英格蘭大學(xué)的丹妮爾·N·里皮奇公地的這堵活墻就是這樣一種方法。

Office designers are scrambling now to try to get more members of the workforce safely back to their desks. Clear plastic sneeze guards have become familiar, as have floors taped off at 6-foot increments. But by 2025 or so, after the immediate threat of the coronavirus has likely passed, which short-term fixes will be part of the new normal? And what other design changes could be coming our way?

辦公室設(shè)計(jì)師們現(xiàn)在正忙著讓更多的員工安全回到辦公桌前。透明的塑料噴嚏防護(hù)裝置已經(jīng)很熟悉了，地板也以每隔6英尺用膠帶封住。但到2025年左右，在冠狀病毒的直接威脅可能已經(jīng)過去之后，哪些短期措施將成為新常態(tài)的一部分?還有什么其他的設(shè)計(jì)變化會(huì)出現(xiàn)在我們面前?

While the scale of the current pandemic is new, the need for architects to prioritize human health is not, says Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, director of the Institute for Health in the Built Environment. "We've designed buildings for 100-year floods," he says. "Now we have to learn to design for the 100-year flu."

建筑環(huán)境健康研究所主任凱文·范登韋梅倫伯格說，雖然目前的流行病規(guī)模是新的，但建筑師優(yōu)先考慮人類健康的必要性并不是新的。他說:“我們已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)了能夠抵御百年洪水的建筑。”“現(xiàn)在我們必須學(xué)會(huì)為這種百年流感做設(shè)計(jì)。”

"There will be another epidemic or another pandemic — or there might just be another flu season," says Eve Edelstein, co-founder of the research-based design consultancy Clinicians for Design. "Let's go ahead and design for that reality."

“將會(huì)有另一種傳染病或另一種流行病——或者可能只是另一個(gè)流感季節(jié)，”研究性設(shè)計(jì)咨詢公司Clinicians for Design的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人伊芙·埃德爾斯坦說。“讓我們繼續(xù)為現(xiàn)實(shí)設(shè)計(jì)。”

NPR spoke with five experts on workplace design to hear what they think small offices as well as high-rises will look like in five years.

美國(guó)國(guó)家公共廣播電臺(tái)(NPR)采訪了五位工作場(chǎng)所設(shè)計(jì)專家，聽取他們對(duì)五年后小型辦公室和高層建筑的看法。

Easy and breezy

舒適和通風(fēng)好

Public health officials agree that one of the simplest ways to prevent the indoor spread of any contagious respiratory virus is to increase the volume of outside air that comes into our buildings. The simple act of cracking a window can meaningfully dilute the concentration of infectious particles in the air.

公共衛(wèi)生官員同意，防止任何傳染性呼吸道病毒在室內(nèi)傳播的最簡(jiǎn)單方法之一是增加進(jìn)入我們建筑物的外部空氣量。打開窗戶這一簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作就能有意無(wú)意地稀釋空氣中感染性顆粒的濃度。

But in many current American office buildings, the windows aren't operable — and for good reason. Creating a tight air seal in a building is one of the main strategies used to make buildings more energy efficient. So architects looking ahead are now grappling with how to increase outdoor ventilation without accelerating energy consumption.

但在美國(guó)現(xiàn)在的許多辦公樓里，窗戶是不能打開的，這是有原因的。在建筑物中創(chuàng)造一個(gè)緊密的氣密性是使建筑物更節(jié)能的主要策略之一。因此，展望未來的建筑師們正在努力解決如何在不加速能耗的前提下增加室外通風(fēng)。

More water stations

更多洗手臺(tái)

Frequent hand-washing is one of the biggest ways to mitigate disease transmission, notes Reena Agarwal, chief operating officer at the Center for Active Design. But in many office buildings, the only sinks are inside bathrooms. By introducing self-contained hand-washing stations and hand sanitizer dispensers in high-traffic areas, designers can help make the healthy choice the easy choice.

活躍設(shè)計(jì)中心的首席運(yùn)營(yíng)官莉娜·阿加瓦爾指出，頻繁洗手是減少疾病傳播的最大方式之一。但在許多辦公大樓里，唯一的水槽是在衛(wèi)生間里。通過在高交通流量區(qū)域引入獨(dú)立的洗手臺(tái)和洗手液分發(fā)器，設(shè)計(jì)師可以讓健康的選擇變得更容易。

Installing airflow systems

安裝氣流系統(tǒng)

Some designers think the pandemic will bring about the end of the open-plan office, which eliminated many inside walls and partitions and reduced the amount of private space for each worker. Critics of the open-plan office say that the large volume of shared air and the lack of physical barriers between desks facilitate disease transmission.

一些設(shè)計(jì)師認(rèn)為，流行病將導(dǎo)致開放式辦公室的終結(jié)。開放式辦公室消除了許多內(nèi)部墻壁和隔墻，減少了每位員工的私人空間。對(duì)開放式辦公室持批評(píng)態(tài)度的人士說，共用的大量空氣，以及辦公桌之間缺乏物理屏障，都助長(zhǎng)了疾病的傳播。

Rather than seal employees into individual hard-walled rooms, he says, office designers can preserve the benefits of open-plan offices by installing airflow systems that filter and reduce the amount of exhaled air from other people that employees inhale.

他說，辦公室設(shè)計(jì)師可以通過安裝氣流系統(tǒng)，來過濾減少員工吸入他人呼出的空氣量，從而保留開放式辦公室的好處，而不是把員工封閉在單獨(dú)的硬墻房間里。

Let the outside in

讓外面的世界進(jìn)來

This office tower design for a building in San Jose, Calif., incorporates a large central light well to maximize the amount of natural light that will reach each floor.

這是為加利福尼亞州圣何塞的一座建筑設(shè)計(jì)的辦公大樓，它包含了一個(gè)大型中央采光井，以最大限度地增加自然光到達(dá)每一層樓的數(shù)量。

Each expert we spoke to for this story told us that a key strategy for promoting health in office buildings is to provide opportunities for employees to come in contact with the natural world. This type of "biophilic design" can boost productivity and physical health. Our panel cited strategies such as installing "living walls" instead of bland partitions and incorporating circadian-friendly lighting that brightens and dims across the workday. Asheshh Saheba, managing partner at the San Francisco office of the architecture firm Steinberg Hart, advises using high-performance natural construction materials, such as cross-laminated timber, rather than concrete, to create a more inviting office that is also environmentally sustainable.

我們?yōu)檫@個(gè)故事采訪的每個(gè)專家都告訴我們，促進(jìn)辦公樓健康的關(guān)鍵策略是為員工提供接觸自然世界的機(jī)會(huì)。這種“親生物設(shè)計(jì)”可以提高生產(chǎn)力和身體健康。我們的專家小組列舉了一些策略，比如安裝“活墻”取代乏味的隔墻，以及采用有利于環(huán)保的照明系統(tǒng)，在工作日內(nèi)變亮或變暗。建筑公司Steinberg Hart舊金山辦事處的執(zhí)行合伙人阿什施·薩赫巴建議使用高性能的天然建筑材料，如交叉層壓木材，而不是混凝土，以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更具吸引力的，同時(shí)也是環(huán)境可持續(xù)的辦公室。