被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

　　. 被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化

　　被動語態(tài)由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：

　　1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時

　　Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

　　2)was/were done 一般過去時

　　I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

　　進行時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)加being

　　3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進行時

　　A new cinema is being built here.

　　4) was/were being done 過去進行時

　　A meeting was being held when I was there.

　　完成時的被動語態(tài)加been

　　5) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時

　　All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

　　6) had been done 過去完成時

　　By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

　　將來時的被動語態(tài)加be

　　7) shall/will be done 一般將來時

　　Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

　　8) should/would be done 過去將來時

　　The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

　　9) be going to do 一般將來時

　　----be going to be done

　　The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting .

　　10) be to do 一般將來時

　　--- be to be done

　　The meeting is to be held on the 10th of October .

　　11) will be doing 將來進行時

　　------will be being done

　　You will be doing the experiment here at this time next Monday.

　　下周一的這個時候，你正在這兒做實驗。

　　----The experiment will be being done here at this time next Monday.

　　12) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(少用)

　　The project will have been completed before July.

　　13) have / has been doing 現(xiàn)在完成進行時

　　---- have / has been being done

　　Our teacher has been teaching this lesson for three weeks.

　　我們老師一直在教這一課已有三周了。

　　-----This lesson has been being taught for three weeks.

　　14) should/would have been done 過去將來完成時(少用)

　　He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

　　應(yīng)用到各種時態(tài)和句型如下：

　?、?一般式(一般現(xiàn)在，一般過去，一般將來)：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done.ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時間才能恢復(fù)過來。”do作為及物動詞有“引起，產(chǎn)生”的含義，do damage的意思是“造成破壞”。主語damage是及物動詞do的動作對象，謂語應(yīng)當用被動語態(tài)。同樣的，還有，I will mend the machine.相當于The machine will be mended (by me).

　?、?進行時(現(xiàn)在進行、過去進行、將來進行)：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.

　?、?完成時(現(xiàn)在完成、過去完成、將來完成)：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.

　?、?其他時態(tài)依詞類推，可得到結(jié)果。

　　⑤ 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：主語 + 情態(tài)動詞 + be動詞 + 動詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.

　?、?不定式的被動語態(tài)：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.(確定超過接待能力的預(yù)定時必須考慮預(yù)定了房間卻來不了的客人。)

　?、?、主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍拥膸讉€特殊情況

　?、?有些動詞在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面接不帶to的不定式，但如果改為被動，則需把省略的to加上，這類動詞有hear, watch, make, help, let等，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

　　② 含有賓語從句的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?，通常用it作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，從句放在句子后面/也可采用另一種形式，這類動詞有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等

　?、?是所有的主動句都可以變換成被動句，更不是所有的被動句都可以自由變換成主動句。雖然語法原則上允許主動和被動句的互相轉(zhuǎn)換，但有的句子轉(zhuǎn)換后會變成不通順或不地道的英語句子。因此，在某些題目里，這也成為判斷應(yīng)該用主動還是用被動的依據(jù)。

　　例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.

　　在這段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van這句被動句強調(diào)出讀到文章的人最關(guān)心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital這句話則說明了孩子被送到醫(yī)院的事實，至于是由誰(某個過路人?或肇事司機?)送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm這句被動句無須說出treat這個動作的發(fā)出者，因為在醫(yī)院，傷病員自然由醫(yī)務(wù)人員處理，無須羅嗦。這樣，這段文章就重點突出，條理清楚了。

　　④ 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。多是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。這樣句子自然些。直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，間接賓語要變?yōu)槟硞€介詞的賓語，介詞to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改為This house was left (to) him by his father.

　?、?有些動詞雖為及物，但賓語并非是動作承受者，不能轉(zhuǎn)換，這些動詞有have, hold(容納),suit, fit, lack, become(適合)contain, cost, last, mean, suffice(足夠)等。

　　⑥ 當直接賓語為反身代詞、相互代詞或賓語前有指代主語的物主代詞時不用被動，如I shook my head.我搖搖頭。

　?、?當賓語為同源賓語(與主句指同一人)，動名詞，動詞不定式或一個從句時不用被動。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.

　?、?在一些固定說法中，有些名詞和動詞結(jié)合的固定說法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.

　　⑨ 某些從不及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的及物動詞，直接賓語在表示動作的方式或效果時，這些動詞在意思上起狀語的作用，沒有被動The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.

　?、?表地點\處所\組織\長度\大小\數(shù)量\程度\抽象名詞的詞做賓語時不用被動.

　　? 某些“不及物動詞+介詞”短語,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被動。

　　? 某些詞用主動表被動：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等