中英雙語話史記:明清文化

　　Qing Dynasty

　　清朝

　　Culture in the Ming Dynasty and the QingDynasty

　　明清文化

　　During the Ming and the Qing dynasties, on accountof the sprouting of capitalism and the merging anddeveloping of the urban areas, the ideology of earlyenlightnment, which was directed against the darkautocratic politics, started to rise.

　　明清時期，由于資本主義的萌芽和城市地區(qū)的融合與發(fā)展，抵抗黑暗的獨裁政治的早期啟蒙思想開始出現(xiàn)了。

　　The representative figures were Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi and Dai Zhen inthe end of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty.

　　代表人物有明末清初時期的李志、黃宗羲、顧炎武、王夫之和戴震。

　　They exposed the irrationality of the system of autocratic monarchy, condemned thehypocrisy and cruelty of Neo-Confucianism, advocated practical learning and proposed anotion that industry and commerce were both the foundations.

　　他們表達了獨裁統(tǒng)治體系的不合理性、指責了儒家正統(tǒng)思想的偽善與殘忍、鼓勵學習的實用性并提出了工業(yè)和商業(yè)都是基礎的觀點。

　　But on the whole, this criticism was still in this primary stage.

　　但是總體來說，這些批判仍然處于初期階段。

　　It hadn’t formed into an integrated system of thought.

　　它并沒有形成思想的完整體系。

　　Therefore, these social critics were not able to propose new plans for social reform.

　　因此，這些社會批評家無法為社會改革提出新方案。

　　In the period of the Ming and the Qing dynasties, facing the mature traditional culture, theruling class took it as their key task to systemize academic achievements.

　　明清時期，面對著成熟的傳統(tǒng)文化，統(tǒng)治階級將系統(tǒng)化學術(shù)成就當做他們的主要任務。

　　The Ming and the Qing dynasties employed plenty of manpower and abundant financialresources to collect and systemize a tremendous amount of ancient books.

　　明朝和清朝雇傭了一大批人力和經(jīng)濟資源來使大量的古代著作系統(tǒng)化。

　　They successively compile “Great Encyclopedia of Yongle” and “A Collection of Books Ancientand Present”.

　　他們成功編著了《永樂大典》和《古今圖書集成》。

　　These two books were works combining to some extent the characteristics of encyclopediasand concordances.

　　這兩本書在某種程度上結(jié)合了百科全書和著作索引的特點。

　　“Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature” was a large-scaled collection.

　　《四庫全書》是一部大型藏書。

　　“Complete collection of Prose in the Tang Dynasty” and “A Complete Collection of Poems in theTang Dynasty” were general anthology of prose and verse.

　　《全唐文》和《全唐詩》綜合來說是散文和詩歌的選集。

　　“The Kangxi Dictionary” and “Exegesis of Classical Works” were large reference books.

　　《康熙字典》和《典籍注釋》是大型的參考書。

　　Meanwhile, there rose a study of textual criticism, forming the “Qian Jia School” which wasrather infulential at that time.

　　同時，這個時期產(chǎn)生了一門文學批判的學科，建立的乾家學派在那時非常有影響力。

　　From the angel of philosophy and by means of exegesis, the scholars re-annotated Confucianclassies and other classical works.

　　通過哲學的支持和解釋，學者們重新為儒家經(jīng)典和其他典籍作了注釋。

　　It was one of the great achievements in China’s ancient cultural history.

　　這是中國古典文學史上最偉大的成就之一。

　　So they made an important contribution to preserving and inheriting the traditional Chineseculture.

　　因此，它們?yōu)楸４婧屠^承中國傳統(tǒng)文化作出了卓著的貢獻。

　　In the literary world of the Ming and the Qing dynasties, the greatest success was attained inthe creation of novels.

　　在明清時期的文學世界中，小說獲得了最大的成功。

　　“The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”，“Water Margin”, “Pilgrimage to the West” and “A Dreamof Red Mansions” were called altogether as the four greatest classical novels.

　　《三國演義》、《水滸傳》、《西游記》和《紅樓夢》被稱為四大名著。

　　In science and technology, there came into being some great academic works of summa， suchas Li Shizhen’s “Compendium of Materia Medica”, Pan Jixun’s “A Survey of Flood-PreventionWork on Rivers”，Xu Guangqi’s “A Complete Treatise on Agriculture”，Song Yingxing’s “TianGong Kai Wu” and Xu Xiake’s “Xu Xiake’s Travel Notes”, etc.

　　科學和技術(shù)上出現(xiàn)了許多優(yōu)秀的學術(shù)總結(jié)性論文，比如李時珍的《本草綱目》、潘季馴的《河防一覽》、宋應星的《天工開物》以及徐霞客的《徐霞客游記》等等。

　　The Brilliant academic achievements in a feeble political climate constituted a peculiar culturallandscape of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties.

　　軟弱的政治環(huán)境中燦爛的學術(shù)成就構(gòu)成了明清時期一道特別的文化風景。