揭秘：各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間如何通話？

美國(guó)侯任總統(tǒng)特朗普正面臨當(dāng)選以來(lái)最大規(guī)模的批評(píng)聲浪，當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2日他與臺(tái)灣地區(qū)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人蔡英文通電話引來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外的抨擊、質(zhì)疑和嘲諷。特朗普在推特上強(qiáng)調(diào)電話是蔡英文打給他的，且主要談話內(nèi)容是祝賀，但他這一舉動(dòng)打破了美臺(tái)1979年“斷交”以來(lái)37年的外交慣例，釋放出嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤信號(hào)。美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)有人擔(dān)心激怒北京，也有人不滿特朗普不懂外交以至于犯下“菜鳥的錯(cuò)誤”，白宮則迅速澄清“美國(guó)的兩岸政策沒(méi)有變化”。中國(guó)已向美方提出“嚴(yán)正交涉”，外長(zhǎng)王毅表示，“這只是臺(tái)灣方面搞的一個(gè)小動(dòng)作，根本不可能改變國(guó)際社會(huì)已經(jīng)形成的一個(gè)中國(guó)格局”。事實(shí)上，出于保密等原因，各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間通電話有一套十分復(fù)雜的程序需要遵守，下面我們就一起來(lái)看看。

 

 

Hi, it's Putin, is Obama in?

嗨，我是普京，奧巴馬在嗎?

 

 

"Hello, can I speak to the president?" is not an off-the-cuff request an operator is ever likely to hear from a world leader.

電話接線員不可能從世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人那里聽(tīng)到像是“你好，我能和總統(tǒng)講話嗎?”這樣冒失的請(qǐng)求的。

By the time the initial pleasantries are exchanged between heads of state, the groundwork will have been done behind the scenes by the leaders' respective staff.

在元首們互相寒暄之前，各方的工作人員要做好準(zhǔn)備工作。

"When there is an established relationship between two countries, it might be as simple as one situation room calling its counterpoint and saying my head of state wants to speak to yours," says Stephen Yates, who worked as deputy national security adviser to former US Vice-President Dick Cheney.

前美國(guó)副總統(tǒng)迪克•切尼的副國(guó)家安全顧問(wèn)史蒂芬•耶茨表示，“如果兩國(guó)建立了外交關(guān)系，那么元首間通電話可能就和戰(zhàn)情室的通話一樣簡(jiǎn)單，可以說(shuō)我國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人希望和貴國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通話。”

When countries are in less frequent contact, an ambassador may make the first formal request on their leader's behalf. They will set out the proposed agenda and reasons for the call and, if agreed, the reciprocal team would then work it into busy schedules.

當(dāng)兩國(guó)接觸不頻繁時(shí)，一國(guó)大使可能會(huì)代表本國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人首先提出正式請(qǐng)求。他們將提出議程安排和通話理由，如果獲得同意的話，雙方團(tuán)隊(duì)就會(huì)將通話排進(jìn)繁忙的日程表。

A helping hand for big issues and small talk

重大問(wèn)題和閑談都需要助手

World leaders are typically well briefed before speaking to each other.

世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在互相交談之前通常都詳細(xì)了解了情況。

In the US, the president is given a dossier from the National Security Council (NSC), the principal US advisory body on national security and foreign policy.

在美國(guó)，為總統(tǒng)提供相關(guān)材料的是國(guó)家安全委員會(huì)，這是美國(guó)國(guó)家安全和外交政策的主要咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)。

If it is a simple courtesy call, the information provided may be basic, including details on who initiated contact, and two or three recommended talking points. There may also be some need-to-know personal information, such as a reminder to ask after a sick husband or wife.

如果只是簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)候電話，可能需要提供的基本信息包括通話發(fā)起人是誰(shuí)以及兩三個(gè)建議的話題。有時(shí)也可能要了解一些個(gè)人信息，例如，如果對(duì)方丈夫或妻子生病了，需要提醒本國(guó)元首問(wèn)候一下。

If the topic is sensitive, the NSC will offer the president an additional short briefing, and then listen in on the call.

如果通話話題很敏感，國(guó)家安全委員會(huì)將為總統(tǒng)額外提供一份簡(jiǎn)報(bào)，然后在總統(tǒng)旁邊聽(tīng)他們通話。

Are we alone now?

現(xiàn)在只有我們嗎?

 

 

World leaders usually have various people listening in on their conversations, including aides and interpreters.

通常會(huì)有很多人在世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)話時(shí)在旁邊聽(tīng)著，其中包括總統(tǒng)助手和翻譯。

Even when leaders speak another language fluently, they often choose to conduct official calls in their mother tongue.

即使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人能夠流利地說(shuō)另一種語(yǔ)言，他們也會(huì)在正式的通話中使用母語(yǔ)。

"Sometimes that is down to national pride, but it's also to avoid misunderstandings and protect nuance," says Kevin Hendzel, a former White House linguist.

前白宮語(yǔ)言專家凱文•亨德?tīng)柋硎荆?ldquo;這關(guān)系到民族自豪感，也是為了避免誤解，同時(shí)保留語(yǔ)言中的細(xì)微差別。”

US presidential translators will have passed security clearances, background checks and even sat polygraph tests, before they become privy to sensitive information involved in high-level diplomacy.

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的翻譯在獲準(zhǔn)接觸高層外交中的敏感信息之前，必須通過(guò)安全審查、背景調(diào)查，甚至還包括謊言測(cè)試。

"There are no novices that work at the presidential level," says Mr Hendzel. "It takes a great deal of time for an interpreter to reach this stage. They are also experts in the subject matter, and they know getting a form of address wrong can be a deal breaker."

亨德?tīng)柗Q，“為總統(tǒng)工作的沒(méi)有新手，一名翻譯要經(jīng)過(guò)很久才能做到這個(gè)級(jí)別。他們是這方面的專家，他們很清楚差之毫厘，謬以千里。”

'I am Hillary Clinton, honestly, I am'

“我真的是希拉里。”

"It's apples and oranges when you are comparing transitional calls by a president-elect to those of a head of state in the Oval Office," says Mr Yates.

耶茨稱，“對(duì)比過(guò)侯任總統(tǒng)在交接期間的通話過(guò)程和成為總統(tǒng)后的通話后，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者完全沒(méi)有可比性。”

Once Mr Trump is in the hot seat, all his calls will be highly secure and heavily vetted.

一旦特朗普坐上這個(gè)責(zé)任重大的位置，他所有的通話都將高度保密、嚴(yán)加審查。

"The president will feel like he has just picked up the phone, like any other call, but the call will have been through multiple checks to ensure its fidelity," says Mr Yates.

“總統(tǒng)會(huì)覺(jué)得他剛接起的電話和所有電話一樣，但這通電話的真實(shí)性將會(huì)得到多次確認(rèn)。”

Sometimes this vetting process can be so tight, the wrong people get cut off. "I am fighting w[ith] the WH operator who doesn't believe I am who I say," wrote exasperated Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in a 2010 email.

有時(shí)，這個(gè)審查程序可能過(guò)于嚴(yán)格，以至于會(huì)掛錯(cuò)電話。國(guó)務(wù)卿希拉里曾在2010年的一封電郵中憤怒地寫道：“我正在和不相信我是誰(shuí)的白宮電話接線員吵架。”

Presidents get pranked, too

總統(tǒng)們也會(huì)被整

 

 

Prank calls to presidents are rare, but not unheard of.

總統(tǒng)很少收到惡作劇電話，但也不是沒(méi)有。

Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy fell victim to hoax in January, when a radio presenter phoned imitating the new separatist leader of Catalonia.

西班牙首相馬里亞諾•拉霍伊今年一月就上當(dāng)受騙了，當(dāng)時(shí)一個(gè)電臺(tái)主持人模仿加泰羅尼亞的分離主義新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人打電話給他。

In 2003, a US radio station based in Miami scored the double, when it tricked both the then Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and his close ally, the former leader of Cuba, Fidel Castro.

2003年，邁阿密的美國(guó)電臺(tái)更加厲害，他們同時(shí)騙到了時(shí)任委內(nèi)瑞拉總統(tǒng)烏戈•查韋斯和他的親密盟友前古巴領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人菲德?tīng)?bull;卡斯特羅。

Radio El Zol first called Chavez, pretending to be Castro, and then called Castro masquerading as Chavez. When the Cuban realised he had been tricked, he unleashed a torrent of swearwords.

El ZOL電臺(tái)首先假扮卡斯特羅給查韋斯打電話，然后冒充查維斯打給卡斯特羅。當(dāng)卡斯特羅意識(shí)到自己被騙之后，他破口大罵。

The hotline that is not a phone

熱線電話不是一部電話

 

 

The Moscow-Washington hotline, often referred to the "red telephone", is a special, highly secure system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the United States and Russia.

莫斯科-華盛頓熱線通常被稱為“紅色電話”，它是允許美俄領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人直接溝通的高度安全的特殊系統(tǒng)。

"Contrary to the myths, it's not actually a phone," explains Kevin Hendzel, who worked as senior technical linguist on the project in the 1980s.

上世紀(jì)80年代曾擔(dān)任高級(jí)技術(shù)語(yǔ)言專家的凱文•亨德?tīng)柦忉尩溃?ldquo;與傳說(shuō)不同，實(shí)際上熱線電話不是一部電話。”

The line, used to send text and images (maps, diagrams etc), was developed after the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, when the two countries came close to a nuclear war.

1962年古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)讓美俄兩國(guó)走向了核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的邊緣，此后，兩國(guó)開(kāi)通了這條用于發(fā)送文字和圖像(地圖，圖表等)的專線。

It remains an open channel, allowing instant communication if needed. "Because when it comes to nuclear missiles, everything is measured in minutes," says Mr Hendzel.

“熱線電話”是在必要情況下可以進(jìn)行即時(shí)通信的開(kāi)放渠道。 亨德?tīng)栒f(shuō)：“因?yàn)樯婕暗胶藢?dǎo)彈時(shí)，一切都是按分鐘計(jì)算的。”

Vocabualry

off-the-cuff: 脫口而出的，即興的

privy to: 準(zhǔn)許知情

hot seat: 責(zé)任重大的位置

fidelity: 保真度，準(zhǔn)確度

prank: 玩笑