北京發(fā)起拆除非法住房行動

Beijing has started a citywide wave of demolitions and evictions within migrant worker communities, the biggest city clean-up campaign in a decade.

北京在全市范圍針對進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員聚居區(qū)發(fā)起了清理拆遷行動，這是該市10年來最大規(guī)模的城市清理行動。

The surge in evictions was prompted by an apartment fire last week that killed 19 people in Beijing’s Daxing district, just south of the city’s affluent centre and an area where many garment factories employing migrant workers operate.

這波拆遷的導(dǎo)火線是近日北京市大興區(qū)一棟公寓樓發(fā)生火災(zāi)，造成19人死亡(文首照片是火災(zāi)后的這棟公寓樓——編者注)。大興區(qū)坐落于北京富裕的中心城區(qū)以南，這里有很多雇傭農(nóng)民工的服裝廠。

In response, Beijing last week initiated 40 days of citywide safety inspections that have left migrant workers struggling to find shelter during a winter cold snap as informal settlements and businesses were shuttered with little notice.

火災(zāi)發(fā)生后，北京市政府很快宣布在全市開展為期40天的安全隱患大排查、大清理、大整治專項(xiàng)行動。由于非正規(guī)的居住點(diǎn)和企業(yè)在幾乎沒有通知的情況下被拆，很多務(wù)工人員在冷空氣影響中國首都之際一時(shí)找不到住所。

This evictions are part of the largest demolition campaign the city has seen since preparations for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The clearances have renewed concerns that the government wants to accelerate the gentrification of old Beijing.

此輪清拆是該市自2008年北京奧運(yùn)會籌備階段以來最大規(guī)模的拆遷行動的一部分。這些拆遷令人再度擔(dān)憂政府希望加快推進(jìn)北京舊城區(qū)的高檔化。

“I think the government wanted an excuse to begin these urban clean-ups,” said a native of Henan province surnamed Xu who sells food in Daxing district. “They have never wanted people like us, and now they have a new reason to kick us out.”

“我認(rèn)為政府想要一個(gè)借口來搞這些城市清理行動，”在大興區(qū)賣食品的一位姓徐的河南人表示。“他們從來不想要我們這樣的人，現(xiàn)在他們有一個(gè)新的理由把我們踢走。”

Municipal officials want to demolish a total of 40m square metres in illegal dwellings by the end of this year. This has resulted in an acceleration of a depopulation drive this year that has decimated small businesses and schools catering to migrants.

市政官員希望在今年底之前拆除4000萬平方米的違規(guī)住房。今年以來的人口疏解行動因此加快進(jìn)行，導(dǎo)致面向務(wù)工人員的小企業(yè)和學(xué)校難以為繼。

In 2006, in the run up to the Olympics, 45m square metres of illegal construction were demolished to make space for new infrastructure, according to municipal statistics, mostly in the city’s centre, displacing up to 1.5m residents.

北京市政府的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2006年，在北京夏季奧運(yùn)會籌備期間，4500萬平方米的違規(guī)建筑被拆除，為新的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施騰出空間，拆遷地段大部分在市中心，導(dǎo)致150萬市民搬遷。

Beijing’s evictions and demolitions are in line with a ruling Communist party policy announced in 2013 of “tightly controlling” the population in China’s largest cities, while making it easier for migrants to settle and access social services in smaller cities.

北京的拆遷行動符合執(zhí)政的共產(chǎn)黨在2013年宣布的政策，即嚴(yán)格控制中國各大城市人口，同時(shí)讓農(nóng)村進(jìn)城人員在中小城市更容易定居和獲得社會服務(wù)。

“Beneath every city's gleaming surface lies the darker conditions of migrant workers,” said Xu Lin, the urban development director at China’s top policy planning body, at a summit last week. “We must recognise their contributions.”

國家發(fā)改委城市和小城鎮(zhèn)改革發(fā)展中心主任徐林上周在一個(gè)峰會上表示，每座城市光鮮的表面之下，都隱藏著農(nóng)民工陰暗的生存條件;必須承認(rèn)他們的貢獻(xiàn)。

The safety inspections have hit China’s ecommerce sector particularly hard, as many of the workers for on-demand services such as ride-hailing and food-delivery apps are migrants who frequently bunk in crowded apartments like that which burned down in Daxing last week.

安全隱患大排查給中國電子商務(wù)行業(yè)帶來的沖擊尤其沉重，因?yàn)樵S多按需服務(wù)(例如叫車和送餐app)的工作人員都是進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員，這些人通常蝸居在擁擠的公寓樓，就像11月18日晚在大興區(qū)被燒毀的那種樓。

“Every delivery worker has been affected somehow. Our dormitories are closing next Monday, and we were given seven days’ notice to move,” said a courier surnamed Li, who shares a room with five other men only 6km from the Forbidden City. “I have not found a new place, but we need to continue working regardless.”

“每個(gè)快遞員多少都受到了影響。我們的宿舍將在周一關(guān)閉，我們接到了七天內(nèi)搬家的通知，”一名姓李的快遞員表示;他和另外五名男子在距離故宮僅6公里的地方合住一個(gè)房間。“我還沒有找到新的住處，但我們還需要繼續(xù)打工。”

Delivery workers are now sorting parcels and charging their vehicles outside after logistics station was deemed not up to code, he said. Several delivery workers said they had resorted to sleeping inside their delivery vehicles.

他說，在物流站被認(rèn)定為不符合規(guī)定后，快遞員們現(xiàn)在在戶外分揀包裹，并給他們的車輛充電。幾名快遞員說，他們只能睡在送貨車上。

“The overwhelming majority of workers in the new economy — including express delivery, food delivery, or ride apps such as Didi drivers — are in fact migrant workers,” said Keegan Elmer, a researcher at China Labour Bulletin, a Hong Kong-based campaign group.

“新經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)中的絕大多數(shù)工人，包括快遞員、送餐員，或者叫車app如滴滴出行的司機(jī)，實(shí)際上都是農(nóng)民工，”總部位于香港的勞工權(quán)益組織《中國勞工通訊》(China Labour Bulletin)研究員基根•埃爾默(Keegan Elmer)表示。

“The new economy is still fuelled by migrant labour, particularly because employers, and even cities as we see here, treat them as a cheap and disposable workforce.”

“新經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然由農(nóng)民工推動，尤其是因?yàn)楣椭?，甚至是我們在這個(gè)案例中看到的這種城市，都把他們視為廉價(jià)和一次性的勞動力。”

Additional reporting by Yuan Yang, Hudson Lockett and Xinning Liu

楊緣、康河信(Hudson Lockett)和劉心寧補(bǔ)充報(bào)道

Follow Emily Feng on Twitter @emilyzfeng 譯者/何黎