2000–2018：朝韓首腦峰會簡史

HONG KONG — In 2000, Kim Dae-jung, then South Korea’s president, flew to Pyongyang to meet with Kim Jong-il, the leader of North Korea — the first time talks had ever been held between leaders of the two sides.

香港——2000年，時任韓國總統(tǒng)的金大中飛往平壤，與當時的朝鮮領導人金正日見面。這是韓朝首腦首次舉行會談。

The distance between the two airports was just 100 miles. But the flight took more than an hour, because the plane swung out over the sea west of the Korean Peninsula, to avoid crossing the heavily militarized land border.

兩個機場之間的距離只有160公里。但飛機卻飛行了一個多小時，為了避免飛越高度軍事化的陸地邊界，飛機繞道從朝鮮半島以西的海域上空飛行。

On Friday, Kim Jong-un, Mr. Kim’s son and North Korea’s current leader, is expected to walk across that border, where he will be greeted by President Moon Jae-in of South Korea before they sit down for talks on the southern side of the Demilitarized Zone.

預計金正日的兒子、朝鮮現(xiàn)任領導人金正恩周五將步行越過那條邊界，韓國總統(tǒng)文在寅將在邊境那邊迎接他，他們將在非軍事區(qū)的南方一側舉行會談。

Friday’s talks, the third summit meeting between the Koreas, could produce a statement about pursuing a peace agreement to end the Korean War of 1950-53, which was paused by an armistice but never formally brought to a close.

周五的會談是韓朝兩國舉行的第三次首腦會議，可能會產(chǎn)生一份有關尋求達成和平協(xié)議的聲明，以正式結束1950至1953年的朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭以停戰(zhàn)協(xié)定?；?，但從未正式結束。

But the meeting will probably be overshadowed by talks yet to come, said Andrei Lankov, a professor at Kookmin University in Seoul.

不過，這次會談與將要舉行的談判相比可能會顯得遜色，首爾國民大學(Kookmin University)教授安德烈·蘭科夫(Andrei Lankov)說。

“This summit will not make any important decisions,” he said. “The South Korean government is between a rock and a hard place. It’s not in a position to discuss most of the issues which really matter. It’s kind of a preliminary event to pave the road for a future meeting between President Trump and Kim Jong-un.”

“這次首腦會議不會做出任何重要的決定，”他說。“韓國政府左右為難。它不處在能討論大多數(shù)真正重要問題的位置上。這是為特朗普總統(tǒng)與金正恩未來的會晤鋪平道路的初步活動。”

Mr. Trump and Mr. Kim are expected to hold the first-ever meeting between a sitting American president and a leader of North Korea sometime in late May or early June. An exact date and a location have not been announced.

預計特朗普和金正恩將在5月底或6月初舉行美國在任總統(tǒng)與朝鮮領導人之間的首次會晤。具體時間和地點尚未公布。

Unlike the talks Friday at the DMZ, the past meetings between leaders of the Koreas were ends unto themselves. And each in its way helped prepare the two sides for Friday’s discussions.

韓朝領導人過去的會晤是以會晤本身為目的的，周五在非軍事區(qū)舉行的會談將有所不同。韓朝雙方都為周五的討論做了各自的準備。

A breakthrough, six years delayed

推遲了六年的突破性進展

A meeting between the two sides almost happened in 1994, but it was canceled after the death of Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea.

韓朝雙方曾差點在1994年舉行峰會，但由于朝鮮開國領袖金日成去世，會談被取消了。

When the leaders of the North and South finally met in June 2000, North Korea was emerging from a famine that killed more than two million people. In the South, the former dissident Kim Dae-jung had been elected president. He called for an end to the “Cold War style” of relations in his 1998 inaugural address.

當北南雙方的領導人在2000年6月終于見面時，朝鮮剛從一場導致了200多萬人死亡的大饑荒中擺脫出來;而在韓國，前異見人士金大中當選了總統(tǒng)。他在1998年的就職演說中，呼吁結束兩國關系上的“冷戰(zhàn)風格”。

The meeting was a high point of his Sunshine Policy, which held that showering the North with warmth would help it ease out of isolation. The South sent hundreds of thousands of tons of food and fertilizer to the North each year.

此次峰會是金大中“陽光政策”的一個亮點。該政策認為，用溫和的態(tài)度對待朝鮮，將有助于它擺脫孤立。韓國每年向朝鮮運送數(shù)十萬噸糧食和化肥。

There were other steps aimed at improving ties, including reunions for about 16,000 members of families divided by the war. A factory park in the North Korean town of Kaesong and a resort area at Mount Kumgang, which opened in 1998, were developed with investment from the South.

還有其他旨在改善關系的措施，包括安排大約1.6萬名因朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭而分裂的家庭成員團聚。朝鮮開城工業(yè)園區(qū)和1998年開放的金剛山度假勝地都是用韓國的投資開發(fā)的。

Kim Dae-jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000, in part for his work toward reconciliation with North Korea.

金大中被授予2000年的諾貝爾和平獎，部分原因是他致力于與朝鮮和解。

But the North continued its efforts to develop nuclear weapons. Even after it acknowledged that in 2002, the South kept sending aid. The Sunshine Policy, and the 2000 summit meeting in particular, fell under harsh scrutiny after it emerged that the South had paid the North $450 million before the talks.

然而，朝鮮卻在繼續(xù)其發(fā)展核武器的努力。即使在2002年朝鮮承認這一點之后，韓國仍繼續(xù)為朝鮮提供援助。陽光政策、尤其是2000年的峰會在后來受到了嚴格的審視，因為在舉行會談之前，韓國曾向朝鮮支付了4.5億美元。

A second meeting, and plans soon dropped

第二次峰會，但隨后的計劃很快就取消了

The second inter-Korean summit meeting occurred in 2007, near the end of the five-year presidential term of Kim Dae-jung’s successor, Roh Moo-hyun. North Korea had conducted its first nuclear test in 2006, raising questions about what the South was getting for its aid.

第二次韓朝首腦會議是在2007年，金大中的繼任者盧武鉉的五年總統(tǒng)任期即將結束時舉行的。朝鮮在2006年進行了該國的第一次核試驗，引發(fā)了人們對韓國給予朝鮮援助得到了什么的質疑。

With the likelihood of an electoral victory by conservative political rivals who were expected to end the Sunshine Policy, Mr. Roh saw the meeting as a chance to steer the future of the South’s ties with the North.

當時，雖然預計將要結束陽光政策的保守派競爭對手很可能在總統(tǒng)大選中獲勝，但盧武鉉認為，舉行峰會將為引導韓朝關系的未來提供機會。

“It was clear his party was going to lose in a landslide, and he understood that the conservatives had a very different idea of how to deal with North Korea: pressure, sanctions and Cold War,” Mr. Lankov said. “In order to prevent that, he made a last-ditch effort to prevent a slide back to mutual hostilities. He went to North Korea to basically sign a lot of agreements about future economic development.”

“很明顯，他的政黨將會以壓倒性的劣勢敗選，他知道，保守派在如何應對朝鮮上有非常不同的想法：壓力、制裁和冷戰(zhàn)，”蘭科夫說。“為了防止這種情況發(fā)生，他為防止形勢倒退到雙方相互敵對，做了最后的努力。他去了朝鮮，基本上簽署了很多關于未來經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的協(xié)議。”

The conservatives did win the subsequent election, and the Sunshine Policy was declared over in 2010. But projects outlined in 2007, then shelved, could be revived by Mr. Moon and Kim Jong-un, including plans to reduce the potential for conflict in the sea west of the Korean Peninsula, where deadly clashes between the two countries have taken place.

保守派的確贏得了隨后的大選，陽光政策于2010年宣告落幕。不過，2007年被擱置了的初步計劃，可能會被文在寅和金正恩恢復，包括在朝鮮半島以西海域減少潛在沖突的計劃，韓朝之間已經(jīng)在那個區(qū)域發(fā)生過多次致命沖突。

One other significant legacy from 2007 is Mr. Moon himself. He was chief presidential secretary to Mr. Roh and led preparations for his meeting in Pyongyang with Kim Jong-il.

2007年的另一個重要遺產(chǎn)是文在寅本人。他曾在盧武鉉手下?lián)吻嗤吲_秘書長，主持了盧武鉉在平壤與金正日會晤的準備工作。

While Mr. Moon has been in office for less time than Kim Jong-un or even Mr. Trump, he has deep experience with the sort of issues he will face Friday, said Gordon Flake, a Korea specialist at the University of Western Australia.

雖然文在寅的上臺時間比金正恩、甚至比特朗普還要晚，但文在寅對自己在周五將面臨的問題有深刻的經(jīng)驗，西澳大利亞大學(University of Western Australia)的朝鮮問題專家戈登·弗萊克(Gordon Flake)說。

“Moon Jae-in, whether you love him or hate him, he’s a South Korean president who is not naïve, who is highly experienced,” he said. “He saw the full arc of inter-Korean relations: naïve, Pollyannaish introduction, to deeply disenchanted antagonism at the end.”

“不管你對文在寅是愛還是恨，他都不是一位幼稚的韓國總統(tǒng)，他經(jīng)驗非常豐富，”弗萊克說。“他見識過韓朝關系變化的整個弧線：從天真、盲目樂觀的初次經(jīng)歷，到最終不再抱有幻想的高度敵意。”