49. Economic "Growth"
Economic growth, which is regarded nearly universally as an overall social good, is not necessarily so, William Finnegan once observed. "There is the peculiar way that growth, or gross domestic product, is calculated, which is as a value-free【1】 measure of total economic output, one that does not distinguish between costs and benefits.
Thus resource extraction is a plus, while resource depletion does not register. Strip-mining, clear-cutting, overfishing, pumping an aquifer (or an oil reserve) dry—these ravages and permanent losses do not figure in the growth equation... Medical bills and legal bills all count as growth, leading to an absurdist universe in which, as policy analysts Ted Halstead and Clifford Cobb put it, "the nation's economic hero is a terminal cancer 【2】 patient who has just gone through 【3】 a bitterly contested divorce."
經(jīng)濟“增長”
“經(jīng)濟增長幾乎被普遍視為令社會總體受益的好事,但未必如此。”威廉·芬尼根曾如是說。“經(jīng)濟增長或者說國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值以一種奇怪的方式被計算出來,即被視為對總體經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出的一種價值中立的衡量標準,根本不區(qū)分成本和收益。”
因此資源開發(fā)被加了進去,而資源消耗并不登記在冊。露天采礦、徹底砍伐、過度捕撈、吸干地下水(或者石油儲備)——所有這些破壞以及永久損失并沒有出現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟增長方程式中……醫(yī)療賬單以及法律訴訟賬單都被計算進經(jīng)濟增長里去,這就產(chǎn)生了一個荒誕不經(jīng)的世界,在這個世界里,正如政策分析家特德·霍爾斯特德和克里福德·科布指出的那樣,“促進國家經(jīng)濟增長的英雄,正是剛剛經(jīng)歷一次痛苦訴訟結(jié)束婚姻的晚期癌癥病人。”
背景知識與點評
·威廉·芬尼根(1952—?。?,美國著名記者和專欄作家。
·特德·霍爾斯特德是美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家、演講家和政策評論員。
·克里福德·科布是美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,以研究GDP(國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值)的替代指標GPI(真實發(fā)展指數(shù))聞名。
·目前,衡量一個國家或地區(qū)經(jīng)濟增長的指標仍然是GDP,盡管該指標存在著這樣或那樣的問題,但是尚沒有一個更加可行、更加科學(xué)的指標來替代它,包括綠色GDP。
英語知識鏈接
【1】 value-free:價值中立的,無價值判斷的
【2】 terminal cancer:癌癥晚期
【3】 go through:遭受,經(jīng)受;經(jīng)歷