奧巴馬首晤東南亞領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人

圖：美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿希拉里（戴墨鏡者）與眾議員列文(Sander Levin，背對(duì)鏡頭者)周三在新加坡交談

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬(Barack Obama)下周將首次與東南亞國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人召開峰會(huì)，美國(guó)正努力在該地區(qū)重建主導(dǎo)地位；東南亞地區(qū)在全球貿(mào)易中扮演著關(guān)鍵角色，該地區(qū)與中國(guó)的關(guān)系近年來得到了迅速發(fā)展。

President Barack Obama will hold a first-ever summit with the leaders of Southeast Asia next week as the U.S. tries to regain its dominance in a region that plays a crucial role in global trade but has rapidly expanded ties with China in recent years.

奧巴馬與東南亞國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的峰會(huì)將于本周日在新加坡召開的亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織(APEC)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人年度會(huì)議間隙進(jìn)行。預(yù)計(jì)此次峰會(huì)將包括美國(guó)總統(tǒng)和緬甸高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人數(shù)十年來最高規(guī)格的一次會(huì)晤。緬甸軍政府被指責(zé)普遍侵犯人權(quán)，美國(guó)對(duì)緬甸實(shí)施了嚴(yán)格的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁措施；多年來，關(guān)于如何處理與緬甸關(guān)系的分歧一直影響著美國(guó)與東南亞國(guó)家的關(guān)系。

The summit, which will take place Sunday on the sidelines of an annual Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation leaders' gathering in Singapore, is expected to include one of the highest-level meetings between a U.S. president and a top Myanmar leader in decades. The U.S. imposes strict economic sanctions on Myanmar, whose military regime is accused of widespread human-rights abuses, and disagreements over how to treat the country have clouded U.S. relations with Southeast Asia for years.

去年中國(guó)取代美國(guó)，成為東南亞第三大貿(mào)易伙伴，僅次于日本和歐盟27國(guó)，雙方貿(mào)易總額達(dá)到了1,930億美元。今年8月，中國(guó)與東盟(Asean) 10國(guó)簽署了自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，有望進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)雙方關(guān)系。

Last year, China overtook the U.S. as Southeast Asia's third-largest trading partner after Japan and the 27-member European Union, with 3 billion in two-way trade. In August, Beijing finalized a free-trade pact with the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which is likely to further boost ties.

東南亞地區(qū)具有重要地位，該地區(qū)擁有將近6億人口，民眾收入迅速增長(zhǎng)。2004年至2008年期間，東南亞地區(qū)的名義國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)總計(jì)增長(zhǎng)了一倍以上。在美國(guó)和歐洲陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之際，印尼和越南等幾個(gè)東南亞國(guó)家今年經(jīng)濟(jì)卻強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)。

The region is no small prize. With nearly 600 million people and rapidly rising incomes, it saw its combined nominal gross domestic product more than double between 2004 and 2008, and several of the region's countries, including Indonesia and Vietnam, have posted solid growth this year even as the U.S. and Europe slid into recessions.

中國(guó)的資本在一定程度上推動(dòng)了這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。中國(guó)投資資金大舉涌入緬甸、印尼和其他地區(qū)的自然資源項(xiàng)目和其他交易，而中國(guó)修路、建橋和鋪設(shè)鐵路等大規(guī)模援助工程也令柬埔寨和老撾等較為貧困的國(guó)家受益。一些批評(píng)人士說，所有這些已經(jīng)使得中國(guó)在東南亞地區(qū)的聲望高過美國(guó)。

Chinese capital has helped fuel their growth. Chinese investment has poured into natural-resources projects and other deals in Myanmar, Indonesia, and elsewhere, and poorer nations, like Cambodia and Laos, have benefited from large Chinese goodwill projects to build roads, bridges and rail links. All of that has made Beijing more visible than Washington in the region, some critics say.

前東盟秘書長(zhǎng)塞維里諾(Rodolfo Severino)說，從美國(guó)方面來說，他們需要更為主動(dòng)。塞維里諾目前是新加坡東南亞研究所(Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore)的東盟研究中心(Asean Studies Center)主任。

'The U.S., for its part, needs to be more active,' said Rodolfo Severino, a former Asean secretary general, who now heads the Asean Studies Center at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore.

預(yù)計(jì)緬甸總理登盛(Thein Sein)和其他東南亞領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人將與會(huì)，此次會(huì)議可能不會(huì)達(dá)成重要協(xié)議。但分析人士說，這次峰會(huì)將具有重要的象征性意義，標(biāo)志著美國(guó)再度接觸東南亞地區(qū)。奧巴馬在東南亞度過了部分童年，他在該地區(qū)仍然極受歡迎。

No major agreements are expected out of the meeting, which is expected to include Myanmar's Prime Minister Thein Sein and other Southeast Asian leaders. Still, analysts say it will hold major symbolic importance as a sign of renewed U.S. engagement in a part of the world where Mr. Obama spent part of his childhood and where he remains extremely popular.

這一峰會(huì)還將給本周舉行的范圍更廣的APEC 21國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)增加一點(diǎn)戲劇性。APEC成員國(guó)包括中國(guó)、墨西哥、美國(guó)和澳大利亞，占據(jù)了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)54%的權(quán)重。預(yù)計(jì)此次APEC領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)議的重點(diǎn)會(huì)放在采取什么途徑維持全球刺激性資金流動(dòng)，避免此次經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退出現(xiàn)倒退，以及推動(dòng)自由貿(mào)易；不過，APEC峰會(huì)的影響力仍次于二十國(guó)集團(tuán)(G20)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)議等其他重要國(guó)際性會(huì)議。

It will also add some measure of drama to the wider summit held this week among leaders of the 21-nation APEC group, which includes China, Mexico, the U.S. and Australia, and represents some 54% of the world economy. Attendees of that gathering are expected to focus on ways to keep stimulus flowing world-wide to prevent a relapse of the latest recession and to promote free trade, though the summit's influence is secondary to other major international gatherings such as meetings of members of the Group of 20.

當(dāng)然，美國(guó)仍然在東南亞擁有重要的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響力。東南亞的出口導(dǎo)向型經(jīng)濟(jì)一定程度上依賴于美國(guó)消費(fèi)者來推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。軍事方面，美國(guó)仍然在該地區(qū)發(fā)揮著主導(dǎo)作用，包括在印尼和菲律賓培訓(xùn)反恐部隊(duì)，協(xié)助打擊東南亞與基地組織(al Qaeda)有關(guān)聯(lián)的伊斯蘭武裝組織。

The U.S., of course, still has a major political and economic presence in Southeast Asia. Its export-driven economies rely in part on U.S. consumers to fuel their growth. And the U.S. continues to play the predominant military role in the region, including training counterterrorism forces in Indonesia and the Philippines that have helped break al Qaeda-linked Islamic militant networks in Southeast Asia.

但對(duì)于有緬甸軍政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人參與的高級(jí)別東盟會(huì)議或廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)議，美國(guó)迄今仍拒絕參加或簽署。相反，美國(guó)專注于與東南亞國(guó)家分別達(dá)成雙邊協(xié)議，例如2003年與新加坡達(dá)成的自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議，這使得批評(píng)人士更加覺得美國(guó)輕視了與東盟的關(guān)系。

But Washington has until now declined to attend high-level Asean meetings or forge wider-ranging economic pacts that involve Myanmar's military leaders. Instead, the U.S. has concentrated on bilateral agreements with individual Southeast Asian countries, such as a 2003 free-trade pact with Singapore, which has added to the sense among critics that it undervalues its relationship with Asean.

東南亞地區(qū)的其他一體化舉措──包括近期東盟、印度、澳大利亞、新西蘭和韓國(guó)之間達(dá)成的自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定──已經(jīng)使得一些美國(guó)官員擔(dān)心美國(guó)會(huì)被迫靠邊站。上個(gè)月，美國(guó)參議院外交關(guān)系委員會(huì)(Senate Foreign Relations Committee)的共和黨少數(shù)派領(lǐng)袖參議員盧格(Richard Lugar)提出了一項(xiàng)決議，呼吁美國(guó)與東盟達(dá)成貿(mào)易協(xié)議。他說，對(duì)緬甸的貿(mào)易限制措施不應(yīng)該阻礙美國(guó)和東盟達(dá)成這一協(xié)議。

Other efforts at integrating the region -- including recent free-trade agreements between Asean and India, Australia, New Zealand and South Korea -- have left some in Washington worried that the U.S. is getting left behind. Last month, Sen. Richard Lugar, the Republican minority leader of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, introduced a resolution calling for a trade agreement between the U.S. and Asean. Trade restrictions with Myanmar shouldn't hinder the deal, he said.