In the west,especially in Britain,status titles are associated with class distinctions――Lord Apley,Earl Bernard(‘Count ’is used in Western European countries).The British upper class families usually have titles,such as Duke1),Marquis2),Earl3),Viscount4)and Baron5).In the U.S.,however,class differences are minimized and Americans do not have those titles.Instead,they use occupational titles,which denote a recognition that has been earned,not merely inherited.
Occupations which most frequently carry titles include:diplomats,members of the Congress and the Senate,Judges of the courts,military6) officers,medical doctors,ranking professors,priests,rabbis,and some Protestant clergy.
Examples would be:Ambassador Jones,Senator Smith,Governor Rockefeller,Judge Harley,General Clark,Dr.Brown(medical),Dr.Green(Ph.D.),Father White,Rabbi Cohen,Bishop Gray and etc.
Generally speaking,men in all other occupations are addressed as“Mister”,women as“Ms ”.“Sir”and“Ma ‘am”(Madam)are more respectful terms of address.In Britain,the relationship between people is more formal than that in the U.S.A.,friendly and informal relationship is more important to Americans than either rank or status.Americans think that they can still respect a person deeply even if they call him Charlie or Paul.To them,respect and informality are not related.
西方的頭銜與稱謂
在西方,尤其在英國,象征地位的頭銜與社會(huì)等級差別緊密相關(guān),如阿普萊勛爵、伯納德伯爵(西歐國家用count一詞)。英國上層社會(huì)的家族大都有世襲頭銜,例如:公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵和男爵。然而,在美國,社會(huì)等級的差異微乎其微,美國人沒有英國的那些世襲頭銜。取而代之的是職業(yè)稱謂。這些職業(yè)稱謂所表明的是靠自己的努力而贏得的一種承認(rèn),而不僅僅是靠世襲繼承。
最常帶有稱謂的職業(yè)有:外交官、議員、法官、軍官、醫(yī)生、教授、牧師、猶太教教士以及一些新教牧師。
常見的例子有:瓊斯大使、史密斯議員、洛克菲勒州長、哈利法官、克拉克將軍、布朗大夫、格林博士、懷特教父、科恩教士和格雷大主教。
一般來說,所有從事其他職業(yè)的男性被稱為“先生”,女性被稱為“女士”。“閣下”和“夫人/太太”是對男、女兩性的尊稱。在英國,待人接物要比美國正式。對美國人來說,友好和不拘禮節(jié)的人際關(guān)系要比頭銜和社會(huì)地位更為重要。美國人認(rèn)為,即使他們對某人直呼其名,如查理或保羅,他們?nèi)匀皇呛茏鹬剡@個(gè)人的。對他們來說,彬彬有禮與灑脫不拘是各不相干的兩碼事。
NOTE 注釋:
1. duke [dju:k] n. 公爵
2. marquis [5mB:kwis] n. (英國等的)侯爵
3. earl [E:l] n. <英>伯爵
4. viscount [5vaikaunt] n. (英國的)子爵
5. baron [5bArEn] n. 男爵(英國世襲的最低級的貴族爵位)
6. military [5militEri] adj 軍隊(duì)的