一、演繹推理論證法
將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。
論點:Demand for this product wii go up。
論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
(說明:由論據(jù)“the price of the product is sliding ”推出論點“Demand for this product will go up”,這個過程是否有效取決于推理依據(jù)“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一種論證方法都是如此)
二、定義法
界定一個概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認定某個事物符合某個定義,從而得出結(jié)論。例如:
論點:Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.
三、因果關(guān)系論證法
將一個判斷放入一個因果關(guān)系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是結(jié)果。例如:
論點:The internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the group's depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。如:
論點:Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:
論點:The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù):The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較,并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比(過去的事物同現(xiàn)在的、同一類事物的類比)、橫向類比(同一 時期、同一事物之間的類比)、比喻式類比(不同類別事物之間的類比)。例如:
1.縱向類比(Historical analogy)
論點:Many people will die of SARS.
論據(jù):Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依據(jù):SARS and Black Death are similar.
2.橫向類比(Literal analogy)
論點:China should have its fighter carriers.
論據(jù):A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依據(jù):The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式類比(Metaphorical analogy)
論點:Reading a difficult book should take time.
論據(jù):Digesting a large metal takes time.
推理依據(jù):Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用權(quán)威論證法
引用公認的權(quán)威,或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如:
論點:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸嘗試法
利用人們的常識【包括:普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機、生活常識】進行論證。例如:
1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。
論點:The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.
只是一個詳細的結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析說明,在具體運用時,我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起,但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造,也可以是大眾的例子,關(guān)鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧,可能我們只用到某種或某幾種,但我們必須得會至少一種。
掌握上面所說的論證方法,無論什么樣的新GRE作文都可以輕松那些。新GRE作文雖然屬于寫作創(chuàng)作,但是對于論證問題來說,也是需要一定的套路的,掌握這些方法,就可以掌握新GRE寫作高分的秘籍。