To begin with,…(陳述某個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和現(xiàn)在相比較是不可信的). Perhaps the… (反例), For that matter, perhaps …(說出反例的情況下會導(dǎo)致何種結(jié)果). In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假設(shè)說出針對反例應(yīng)該怎么做)the memo’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(說出應(yīng)該有的結(jié)論)
2.錯誤的因果關(guān)系
3. 兩個(gè)事實(shí)錯誤的類比
Even if…(讓步,即使某個(gè)條件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(說明錯誤的類比的情況). It is entirely possible that the …(比較對象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具體說出反例) Without accounting for such differences between the two places is unreliable.
4. 錯誤的推論
Even if …(讓步,即使某個(gè)條件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(說出要讓步的是事實(shí)). Yet the only evidence the argument offer to substantiate this assumption (說出文中的根據(jù)). Perhaps …(說出有可能出現(xiàn)的其他情況導(dǎo)致這個(gè)事實(shí))if so, (說出不一樣的結(jié)果,與上面事實(shí)相矛盾). Or…(其他的情況) In short, without more information about…(對上面的可能情況總結(jié)) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的結(jié)論)。